terms i dont understnad - ms h eng lang, articulators and vocal tract stuff

voiced

glottis is constricted so the vocal folds vibrate

voiceless

glottis is not constricted; vocal folds do not vibrate

high pitch

vocal folds vibrate quickly

low pitch

vocal folds vibrate at a lower frequency, slowly

what else affects pitch

size of the larynx

egressive airstream

air our

ingressive airstream

air in

pulmonic airstream

air comes from lungs

place of articulation

where the sound is produced

manner of articulation

the configuration and interaction of articulators when making a pseech sound

articulators

the tools in the human vocal tract used to make sound

active articulator

moves

passive articulator

does not move

labiodental

bottom lip moves to top teeth

post-alveolar

tongue blade is just behind the alveolar ridge but not as far back as the palette

palatal

front of tongue is at or near the hard palate

velar

back of tongue approaches or makes contact with velum

glottal

glottis itself without any obstruction further foward

discourse

how different types of texts influence meaning

pragmatics

the way one word or text can be interpreted differently depending on context

graphology

how a text looks visually

lexis

the vocab of a language

morphology

the structure of words

semantics

meanings

orthography

writing and spelling systems

syntax

the relationships of words in sentences

phonetics, phonology and prosody

Speech sounds, sound effects and

intonation - the study of speech sounds

phoneme

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

plosive

two articulators touch, air pressure is released in a burst

nasal

two articulators touch, air is released through the nose

fricative

two articulators ALMOST touch and air is pushed out through a small gap

affricate

starts as plosive, ends as fricative, tʃ, dʒ

approximant

two articulators near each other but do not touch as sound leaves the body

Laterals

produced by articulators making contact and air flowing down the sides of the tongue - l is the only lateral in English

dental

tongue against back of upper incisors

interdental

tongue between front upper and lower teeth

how to describe a vowel

vertical position, horizontal position, rounded/unrounded lips

t-glottalisation

/t/ becomes a glottal stop

lenition

the weakening of a sound, often an intervocalic consonant

l-vocalisation

/l/ becomes /w/

utterance

term for "something that is said"

homophone

sound the same, different spelling and meaning; rose and rows

heterophone

spelled the same, different pronunciation and meaning; row (a boat) and row (an argument)

phoneme

representation of a sound

allophone

production of a sound, can vary due to manner of articulation

distribution

the set of phonetic environments in which a sound appears

complementary distribution

sounds are in complementary distribution if they never appear in the same phonetic environment; you can expect where each sound will turn up. Usually these sounds are allophones of the same phoneme

contrastive distribution

can change the meaning of a word if the phoneme is swapped out

free variation

two sounds appear in the same place without a change in meaning. it is still considered correct by native speakers

minimal pairs test

two words with only one sound difference, identifies phonemes and allophones

grapheme

letter of an alphabet

phonation

the production or utterance of speech sounds

modal phonation

considered the normal, including the usual range of frequencies within which one would talk

creaky voice

vocal fry - kardashians

breathy voice

lots of air exit mouth - luna lovegood

whisper voice

no sound exiting the mouth, only air