Respiratory System - Human Anatomy and Physiology Notes

These flashcards cover key concepts and vocabulary related to the respiratory system as studied in the Human Anatomy and Physiology course.

Conducting Zone

The part of the respiratory system responsible for the movement of air into and out of the lungs and conditioning the air before it reaches the respiratory surfaces.

Respiratory Zone

The site of gas exchange between the air and the bloodstream, including structures like the alveoli.

Alveoli

Tiny sac-like structures in the lungs surrounded by capillaries, facilitating the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Type I Alveolar Cells

Simple squamous epithelial cells that form the thin respiratory membrane for gas exchange.

Type II Alveolar Cells

Cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant to reduce surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse.

Goblet Cells

Mucus-producing cells in the epithelial lining of the respiratory tract that trap dust and pathogens.

Surfactant

A mixture of phospholipids and proteins that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing collapse during exhalation.

Pharynx

A muscular, funnel-shaped tube connecting the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus.

Larynx

The voice box that connects the pharynx to the trachea, essential for sound production and airway protection.

Trachea

The windpipe, a major airway that conducts air from the larynx to the bronchi.

Boyle’s Law

A principle stating that the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume at a constant temperature.

Diaphragm

The primary muscle of respiration that contracts to allow inhalation and relaxes during exhalation.

Accessory Muscles of Inspiration

Additional muscles involved during labored breathing, contributing to increased thoracic cavity expansion.

Chemoreceptors

Sensory receptors that monitor blood chemistry (O2, CO2, and H+) and influence breathing rate.

Proprioceptors

Sensory receptors that provide feedback on body positioning and muscle tension to regulate breathing.

Internal Respiration

The exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and body tissues.

External Respiration

The exchange of gases between the air in the pulmonary alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries.

Carina

The ridge of cartilage at the tracheal bifurcation that is sensitive and stimulates a cough reflex when irritated.

Vocal Folds

True vocal cords involved in sound production through vibration as air passes through.

Cilia

Hair-like structures on epithelial cells that help move mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory tract.

Mucous Membrane

The lining of the respiratory tract containing mucus-secreting cells that trap airborne particles.