Reproductive cells, which pass on genetic traits from the parents to the child, are produced by the process of
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Chromosomes form during
Prophase
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-Segments of DNA in chromosomes that determine traits of individuals
Genes
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Produce characteristics and functions for the cell of an individual. Ex- hair color, eye color, ear lobes, etc.
Genes
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Each cell in your body has 2 identical sets of chromosomes called
Homologous chromosomes
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Identical in types of genes/types (like - )
Twins
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Humans have chromes
46
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An organism must pass on same number of chromosomes from parent off spring
46 for humans
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Organisms produce - (sex cells) such as sperm and egg cells
Gametes
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Sperm and egg cells contain half of each parents chromosomes so
23 chromosomes each
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Symbol - is used to represent the number of chromosomes in a cell
“N”
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A cell with n number of chromosomes is a - cell
Haploid cell
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Gametes are haploid cells ( sperm and egg cells both equal-)
N
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- When one haploid cell combines with another
Fertilization
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Sperm cells (n=23) fertilizes with egg cell (n=23) to form a -
Zygote
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Gametes (haploid) combine to form a
Diploid
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Meiosis
Division of nucleus that produces gametes ( sperm or egg cells)
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Meiosis happens in
Reproductive organs (ovaries/testes)
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Meiosis involves two distinct divisions
Meiosis I and Meiosis II
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Meiosis creates
Four genetically unique daughter cells, and diversity
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Meiosis is mixed DNA - to make unique gametes
Crossing over
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Meiosis I
The process of separating homologous chromosomes through cell division.
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Meiosis I creates …
Two cells, each with a full chromosome, before undergoing Meiosis II
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Interphase
Chromosomes replicate, chromatin condenses
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Prophase I
The pairing of homologous chromosomes occurs, each chromosome consists of two chromatids. Crossing over produces exchange of genetic information. The nuclear envelope breaks down. Spindles form.
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Metaphase I
Chromosome centromeres attach to spindle fibers. Homologous chromosomes line up at the equator.
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Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.
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Telophase I
The spindles break down. Chromosomes uncoil and form two nuclei. The cell divides.
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Crossing over occurs in
Prophase I
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Meiosis II is the process of
Separating sister chromatids from chromosomes through cell division.
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Meiosis II in total creates
Four daughter cells, each genetically unique
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Telophase II
Four nuclei form around chromosomes. Spindles break down. Cells divide.
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Products
Four cells have formed. Each nucleus contains a haploid number of chromosomes.
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Prophase II
Chromosomes condense. Spindles form in each new cell. Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes.
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Metaphase II
Centromeres of chromosomes line up randomly at the equator of each cell.
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Anaphase II
Centromeres split. Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
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Mitosis has
One cell divison, produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical. Found in body cells. Ex. Repairing damaged cells.
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Meiosis has
Two cell divisions, four daughter cells genetically unique. Found in reproductive organs, creates sex cells.
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Meiosis is the
Production of gametes (sex cells) that have variation to create genetically unique offspring.
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