Ap psych 5.3-5.4 Foreign Language

Psychopathology

a branch of psychology that focuses on the study of mental disorders.

Psychopatholoigcal disorder

complex conditions that affect a person's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

Dysfunction

When thoughts, emotions, or behaviors interfere with daily life, such as difficulty maintaining relationships, working, or taking care of oneself.

Distress

Feeling extreme sadness, anxiety, or emotional pain that affects well-being. However, some disorders may not cause distress to the person but may impact others.

Deviation

Behaviors that are very different from what is considered normal in a culture, such as unpredictable emotional reactions or difficulty understanding social expectations

Stigma

a negative attitude or prejudice towards a person or group of people based on a particular characteristic or attribute, such as a mental health condition, physical disability, or social identity

Behavoiral persepctive

Mental disorders can develop through learned associations between experiences and responses. If a person repeatedly connects a situation with stress or fear, they may develop unhealthy behaviors in response.

psychodynmantic persecptive

cUnconscious thoughts and early life experiences shape mental health. Many emotional struggles may come from conflicts or unresolved feelings buried in the subconscious.

huamanistic persecpeptive

Mental disorders may arise when people feel disconnected, unsupported, or unable to reach their full potential. A lack of personal growth and social support can lead to distress.

evolutionary perspective

Some behaviors and mental processes that were once useful for survival may contribute to psychological disorders today. Traits that helped early humans adapt might now lead to difficulties in modern life.

biological perspective

Mental disorders can have a physiological or genetic basis. Brain function, neurotransmitters, and inherited traits all play a role in mental health.

cognitive perspective

The way people think affects how they feel and behave. Negative thought patterns, unrealistic beliefs, and distorted perceptions can lead to mental health challenges.

sociocultural perspective

Social and cultural environments shape mental health. The way people experience and express psychological distress can be influenced by relationships, community expectations, and societal pressures.

biopsychosocial perspective

This model suggests that mental disorders result from a mix of biological, psychological, and social factors. No single factor alone causes a disorder, but instead, they interact to influence a person’s mental health.

Diathesis stress model

This model explains that some people have a genetic or biological vulnerability to developing a disorder, but it only becomes active when combined with stressful life events.

comorbidity

the presence of two or more mental health conditions or disorders that occur simultaneously in the same individua

attention deficit/ hyeractivity disorder(ADHD)

Difficulty maintaining attention
















Hyperactive behavior










Impulsive actions

Autism (ASD)

Social communication challenges










Restricted interests










Repetitive behaviors

Schizophrenia

involve disruptions in thinking, perception, emotion, and behavior. These disorders can be acute (short-term and severe) or chronic (long-lasting and persistent).

Delusions

Believing something untrue despite evidence to the contrary

hallucinations

Experiencing sensations that are not real, such as hearing voices or seeing things that are not there

flat affect

showing little to no emotional expression

disorganized thinking or speech

Difficulty organizing thoughts, leading to fragmented or confused speech

cataonic stupor

where a person is unresponsive and lacks movement or speech

major depressive disorder

a mental health condition characterized by persistent sadness and loss of interest or pleasure in activities that significantly impacts daily life

persistent depressive disorder

is a depressed mood that has lasted for atleast two years. It is considered a mild form of depression with no sudiciail thoughts.

biopolar disorder 1

a mental health condition characterized by at least one manic episode, which can involve extreme mood swings, increased energy, and activity, and may also include periods of depression

biopolar disorder 2

a mental health condition characterized by alternating periods of significantly depressed mood (major depressive episodes) and elevated or irritable mood (hypomanic episodes)

panic disorder

is an acute or sudden or server feeling of extreme anxiety or fear that something terrible will happen at any time

social anxiety disorder

involves the intense fear of being judged or watched by others.

generalized anxiety disorder

is defined as prolonged six months or longer feelins of unspecificed worry or unease

OCD

involves both obsessions and compulsions that are time-consuming and cause significant distress or impairment

hoarding disorder

is persistent difficulty discarding possessions, leading to clutter that impairs living spaces and causes distress

Dissociative amnesia

is inability to recall important personal information, often related to a stressful or traumatic event

Dissocative identity disorder

is characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states or identities

post trauamtic stress disorder (PTSD)

Preoccupation with order, perfection, and rigid controlDifficulty delegating tasks and extreme focus on work over relationshipsStrong need for structure and resistance to change

anorexia nervosa

Extreme restriction of food intake, leading to significant weight loss and nutritional deficienciesIntense fear of gaining weight, even when underweight

bulimia nervosa

Cycles of binge eating, where large amounts of food are consumed in a short periodCompensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain, such as vomiting, excessive exercise, or laxative use

Cluster A

People with these disorders may appear socially detached, suspicious, or unusual in their thoughts and behaviors.

paranoid personality disorder

Extreme distrust and suspicion of others










Belief that others have harmful intentions, even without evidence










Difficulty trusting close friends, family, or coworkers

schizoid personality disorder

Strong preference for being alone and avoiding social relationships










Limited emotional expression and indifference to praise or criticism










Lack of interest in forming close connections

schizotypal personality disorder

Unusual thinking patterns, beliefs, or behaviors










Social anxiety and discomfort in close relationships










Odd speech, appearance, or belief in supernatural influences (such as telepathy)

Cluster B

This cluster includes disorders where individuals experience intense emotions, unstable relationships, impulsivity, and difficulty regulating behavior.

Antisocial personality disorder

Disregard for rules, laws, and the rights of others










Manipulative or deceitful behavior, lack of empathy










Impulsivity and frequent aggression

histrionic personality disorder

Excessive attention-seeking and emotional overreaction










Strong emotions that shift quickly










Constant need for approval and dramatic behavior

narcissistic personality disorder

Inflated sense of self-importance and entitlement










Lack of empathy for others, need for excessive admiration










Sensitivity to criticism despite appearing confident

borderline personality disorder

Intense fear of abandonment and unstable relationships










Rapid mood swings and impulsive behaviors










Self-harming tendencies and chronic feelings of emptiness

Cluster C

This cluster includes disorders where individuals struggle with excessive anxiety, fear of social rejection, and need for control or reassurance.

avoidant personality disorder

Fear of rejection and strong feelings of inadequacy










Avoidance of social situations despite wanting relationships










Extreme sensitivity to criticism

dependent personlity disorder

Strong need for reassurance and support from others










Difficulty making decisions without guidance










Fear of being alone and submissive behavior in relationships

obessive-compulsive personality disorder

Preoccupation with order, perfection, and rigid controlDifficulty delegating tasks and extreme focus on work over relationshipsStrong need for structure and resistance to change