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Instrumental Music

Musical composition without lyrics or singing, primarily produced by instruments, marking the beginnings of harmony, rhythm, and melody.

Monophonic Texture

Simplest musical texture with a single melody sung or played without accompanying harmony or chords.

Polyphonic Texture

Musical texture with two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody shaping the overall sound.

Gregorian Chant

Monophonic vocal line sung by monks, significant in Medieval music.

Cantus Firmus

Medieval musical form based on Gregorian chant, later incorporated secular folk music.

Chorale

Song intended for congregation singing, evolving from monophonic to four-part harmony in Renaissance music.

French Chanson

Polyphonic French song for two to four voices, a characteristic of Renaissance music.

Baroque Music

Music style from 1600-1750 characterized by homophonic compositions, major/minor tonality, and the rise of the fugue.

Sonata Form

Structural form developed in Classical music era, including modern concerto, symphony, trio, and quartet.

12-tone System

Technique by Arnold Schoenberg using all 12 notes of the octave equally, creating music with unresolved tension in Modern music.

Electronic Music

Composers experimenting with technology's impact on melody and rhythm.

Impressionistic

Music style like Debussy's, rejecting tonality rules for relaxed, dreamlike music.

Jazz

Originating from African-American styles, known for improvisation and modified rhythms.

Minimalism

Music with simple patterns repeated to a steady beat, seen in Reich and Glass's works.

New Romanticism

Focus on expressive, haunting music akin to the past, by composers like Crumb and Ligeti.

Neoclassical

Reflecting 18th-century music, seen in Stravinsky's works post-"The Rite of Spring."

Serialism

Schoenberg's 12-tone system continued by Webern, used strict formulas in 1950s-60s music.

Bela Bartok

Hungarian composer and ethnomusicologist.

Alban Berg

Austrian composer adapting atonal style, known as classicist of modern music.

Ernest Bloch

Swiss composer of spiritual music.

John Cage

American composer known for avant-garde ideas and the "prepared piano."

Henry Cowell

American composer, inventor of the "rhythmicon," using unconventional piano techniques.

Edward Elgar

English composer, considered the "first English progressive musician."

Charles Ives

First known composer of polytonal pieces.

Jean Sibelius

Finnish composer known for orchestral works and symphonies.

Edgard Varese

Composer experimenting with music and technology, using percussion instruments.

Anton von Webern

Austrian composer part of the 12-tone Viennese school.

Ralph Vaughan Williams

English composer of nationalistic music.

Earthenware Craftsmanship

Earthenware depicting human figures and faces indicates a high level of craftsmanship.

Incised Designs

The use of sharp objects to draw patterns on the damp body of pottery produces incised designs.

Abstract vs

Designs on pottery are either abstract (dots, lines) or representational (trees, animals).

Mununggul Jar

The Mununggul jar is a symbol of Philippine Prehistoric artifact, estimated to be from 890-710BCE.

Maitum Burial Jars

Secondary burial jars from Maitum belong to the Metal Age Period in the Philippines, dating back to 190 BC to 500 AD.

Bahay-kubo

A native dwelling built from bamboo and nipa, functional and affordable in rural areas.

Maranao House

An archaic-style house with a boat-like appearance, featuring the panolong symbolizing power and prestige.

Okir

Colorful flowing designs decorating Muslim regions, including motifs like sarimanok, naga, and pako-rabong.

Bulul

Carved male figure made of narra, traditionally believed to guard rice crops in Ifugao.

Baybayin Script

The ancient script used by Tagalogs for writing, as documented by early Spanish accounts.

Guillermo Tolentino

A Filipino sculptor trained in the classical style in Rome, known for masterpieces like the Oblation in the University of the Philippines and the Bonifacio Monument in Caloocan City.

Fabian de la Rosa

Noted for realistic portraits, genre, and landscapes in subdued colors, considered a prominent figure in Filipino painting during the early 20th century.

Fernando Amorsolo

A renowned Filipino painter capturing scenes from the countryside, recognized as the country's first National Artist in 1972.

Leandro Locsin

Designed the Cultural Center of the Philippines and earned a National Artist award for his contributions to Philippine architecture in the post-war period.

Napoleon Abueva

Considered the first modern Filipino sculptor, known for works like the Double Crucifix at UP and the Allegorical Harpoon at CCP.

Vicente Manansala

Known for works like Madonna of the Slums and Sungka Players, contributing to the introduction of modern art in the Philippines.

Manuel Rodriguez Sr.

Pioneer in Philippine graphic art, specialized in etching, and established the Contemporary Graphic Art Workshop in Malate.

National Artist

Highest individual award given to Filipino artists who significantly contributed to the Philippine arts, bestowed by the President of the Philippines and handled by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCAA) and the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP).

Philippine Contemporary Art

Art produced from 1970 to the present, influenced by technological progress, globalization, and interconnectedness through the internet and social media.

Order of National Artists

Highest recognition given to Filipinos contributing significantly to Philippine arts, including music, visual arts, literature, film, broadcast arts, theater, dance, architecture, design, and allied arts.