Food Security
Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
Global Hunger Index
A composite indicator that measures hunger from 0 (no hunger) to 100 (extreme danger of hunger).
Undernourishment
Percentage of people who have insufficient carloric intake
Child Wasting
The proportion of children under the age of 5 who have low weight for their height from acute undernutrition (short term)
Child stunting
The proportion of children under the age of 5 who have low weight for their height due to chronic undernutrition (llong term)
Child mortality
The mortality of children under the age of 5
Calorie Intake
Amount of food (measured in calories) per person per day.
Malnutrition
a condition that results from eating a diet where one or more nutrients is lacking.
Nutritrion transition
Income increase leads to change in food consumption, from hunter gatherers, to farmed grains, to meat, to processed food and finally healthy choices.
HALE
Indicates the number of expected years of life lived in full health
infant mortality rate
The number of death in children under the age of 1 per 1,000 live births
Maternal Mortality Rate
Annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births
Access to sanitation
The indicator used to measure access to clean water and hygiene.
Access to health services
The number of doctors of hospital beds per 100,000 people.
Epidemiological transition
As country develops, it changes from infectious/contagious diseases (of poverty) to non-communicable diseases (of affluence)
Contagious diseases
diseases that are easily and rapidly spread from one host to another (e.g. covid-19)
Non-communicable disease
a disease not capable of being spread from one person to another (e.g. cancer)
Energy Efficiency Ratio
A measure of the amount of energy inputs into a system compared with the outputs. EER = energy outputs divided by energy inputs. Used to compute sustainablility in agriculture. Inputs should be smaller than outputs.
The Era of Pestilence and Famine
Stage one of the epidemiological transition
The Era of Receding Epidemics
Stage two of the epidemiological transition
Era of human-induced and degenerative diseases
Stage three of the epidemiological transition
Diffusion
The spread of something, eg. new technology, idea, disease
Diseases of poverty
Diseases normally associated with LICs. They are infectious, communicable diseases.
Diseases of affluence
Diseases normally associated with HICs. They are chronic, non-communicable diseases associated with increased wealth and economic development.
Expansion diffusion
When the expanding disease has a source and diffuses outwards into new areas.
Relocation diffusion
When the disease moves to new areas, leaving behind its origin.
Contagious diffusion
Disease spread through direct contact of individuals
Hierarchical diffusion
Disease spread through an ordered sequence (from cities to larger urban areas)
Network diffusion
Disease spread via transport networks
Vector-borne disease
an infectious disease acquired from organisms that transmit a pathogen from one host to another (e.g. dengue)
Waterborne disease
an infectious disease acquired through contact with contaminated water (e.g. guinea worm)
FAO
Food and Agricultural Organisation - A United Nations
Aims that aims to eradicate hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition, eliminate poverty, use resources in a sustainable way
WFP
World Food Programme. Aims to end world hunger, Protect people in emergencies, Support food security, and nutrition
WHO
World Health Organization
Works in 150 countries. Leadership on critical actions for health. Set norms and standards. Monitor health situations
Doctors Without Borders
Provides medical aid in 70 countries and has over 30,000 doctors
Vertical farming
Grown year-round in high-rise urban buildings
More food security as local and during extreme weather
No need for herbicides or insecticides
In vitro meat
Synthetic meat, which was never part of an animal
GMO
Genetically modified organism made when DNA is removed from one organism and placed within the DNA of what can be a very different organism. Can be used to develop improved crops.
Preventative measures
Adopting policies and lifestyles that reduce risk of a disease
Famine
Occurs when there is a serious shortage of food, normally over a wide area or affecting a large number of people.
Hart's Inverse Care Law
the principle that the availability of good medical or social care tends to vary inversely with the need of the population served.
Curative measures (treatment)
When a person has a disease or illness, medicine and others techniques are used to reduce or stop it.
TNC
Transnational Cooperation/Company e.g. Cargile, Nestle, McDonalds
Burden of disease
The impact of a health issue, when measured by its financial cost, mortality, morbidity or other indicators.
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
An NGO that aims to combat malaria and polio through doctors, medicine, and better food
Subsistence farmers
Farmers who produce only enough food to meet the needs of their own and of their households
Commercial farmers
Farmer who grows crops for sale & profit rather than merely for personal use
Agribusiness
Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.
Green Revolution
Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.
IRRI
International Rice Research Institute - in Philippines
Pandemic
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population (e.g. Covid-19)
DALYs
Disability adjusted life years. A measure of burden of disease, one DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury.
Water footprint
the amount of fresh water utilized in the production or supply of the goods and services used by a particular person or group.
Hägerstrand's innovation diffusion curve
a four-stage model for the passage of innovation waves (innovators, early adopters, late majority, laggards)
HIV/AIDS
Virus that destroys the immune system that should protect the body from diseases. The disease is passed from person to person through sexual acts, blood transfusions, used hypodermic needles, or from mother to child during birth.