IB Geography Option F: Food and Health

Food Security

Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.

Global Hunger Index

A composite indicator that measures hunger from 0 (no hunger) to 100 (extreme danger of hunger).

Undernourishment

Percentage of people who have insufficient carloric intake

Child Wasting

The proportion of children under the age of 5 who have low weight for their height from acute undernutrition (short term)

Child stunting

The proportion of children under the age of 5 who have low weight for their height due to chronic undernutrition (llong term)

Child mortality

The mortality of children under the age of 5

Calorie Intake

Amount of food (measured in calories) per person per day.

Malnutrition

a condition that results from eating a diet where one or more nutrients is lacking.

Nutritrion transition

Income increase leads to change in food consumption, from hunter gatherers, to farmed grains, to meat, to processed food and finally healthy choices.

HALE

Indicates the number of expected years of life lived in full health

infant mortality rate

The number of death in children under the age of 1 per 1,000 live births

Maternal Mortality Rate

Annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births

Access to sanitation

The indicator used to measure access to clean water and hygiene.

Access to health services

The number of doctors of hospital beds per 100,000 people.

Epidemiological transition

As country develops, it changes from infectious/contagious diseases (of poverty) to non-communicable diseases (of affluence)

Contagious diseases

diseases that are easily and rapidly spread from one host to another (e.g. covid-19)

Non-communicable disease

a disease not capable of being spread from one person to another (e.g. cancer)

Energy Efficiency Ratio

A measure of the amount of energy inputs into a system compared with the outputs. EER = energy outputs divided by energy inputs. Used to compute sustainablility in agriculture. Inputs should be smaller than outputs.

The Era of Pestilence and Famine

Stage one of the epidemiological transition

The Era of Receding Epidemics

Stage two of the epidemiological transition

Era of human-induced and degenerative diseases

Stage three of the epidemiological transition

Diffusion

The spread of something, eg. new technology, idea, disease

Diseases of poverty

Diseases normally associated with LICs. They are infectious, communicable diseases.

Diseases of affluence

Diseases normally associated with HICs. They are chronic, non-communicable diseases associated with increased wealth and economic development.

Expansion diffusion

When the expanding disease has a source and diffuses outwards into new areas.

Relocation diffusion

When the disease moves to new areas, leaving behind its origin.

Contagious diffusion

Disease spread through direct contact of individuals

Hierarchical diffusion

Disease spread through an ordered sequence (from cities to larger urban areas)

Network diffusion

Disease spread via transport networks

Vector-borne disease

an infectious disease acquired from organisms that transmit a pathogen from one host to another (e.g. dengue)

Waterborne disease

an infectious disease acquired through contact with contaminated water (e.g. guinea worm)

FAO

Food and Agricultural Organisation - A United Nations

Aims that aims to eradicate hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition, eliminate poverty, use resources in a sustainable way

WFP

World Food Programme. Aims to end world hunger, Protect people in emergencies, Support food security, and nutrition

WHO

World Health Organization

Works in 150 countries. Leadership on critical actions for health. Set norms and standards. Monitor health situations

Doctors Without Borders

Provides medical aid in 70 countries and has over 30,000 doctors

Vertical farming

Grown year-round in high-rise urban buildings

More food security as local and during extreme weather

No need for herbicides or insecticides

In vitro meat

Synthetic meat, which was never part of an animal

GMO

Genetically modified organism made when DNA is removed from one organism and placed within the DNA of what can be a very different organism. Can be used to develop improved crops.

Preventative measures

Adopting policies and lifestyles that reduce risk of a disease

Famine

Occurs when there is a serious shortage of food, normally over a wide area or affecting a large number of people.

Hart's Inverse Care Law

the principle that the availability of good medical or social care tends to vary inversely with the need of the population served.

Curative measures (treatment)

When a person has a disease or illness, medicine and others techniques are used to reduce or stop it.

TNC

Transnational Cooperation/Company e.g. Cargile, Nestle, McDonalds

Burden of disease

The impact of a health issue, when measured by its financial cost, mortality, morbidity or other indicators.

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

An NGO that aims to combat malaria and polio through doctors, medicine, and better food

Subsistence farmers

Farmers who produce only enough food to meet the needs of their own and of their households

Commercial farmers

Farmer who grows crops for sale & profit rather than merely for personal use

Agribusiness

Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

Green Revolution

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.

IRRI

International Rice Research Institute - in Philippines

Pandemic

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population (e.g. Covid-19)

DALYs

Disability adjusted life years. A measure of burden of disease, one DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury.

Water footprint

the amount of fresh water utilized in the production or supply of the goods and services used by a particular person or group.

Hägerstrand's innovation diffusion curve

a four-stage model for the passage of innovation waves (innovators, early adopters, late majority, laggards)

HIV/AIDS

Virus that destroys the immune system that should protect the body from diseases. The disease is passed from person to person through sexual acts, blood transfusions, used hypodermic needles, or from mother to child during birth.