HG&D Test 1

Human Growth and Development Test 1; research, stages of life, stages of labor

meta analysis

analysis of multiple studies that all examined the same research questions and variables; allows scientists to verify whether same relationships among variables are replicated across multiple studies

cross sectional studies

observes or tests groups of different ages at the same period in time

longitudinal studies

observes or tests one group of individuals over a span of time

independent variables

what they are being given in an experiment

dependent variables

what they are measuring in an experiment

naturalistic observation

research method where you record the behaviors of your research subjects in the “real world” settings

informational processing theory

uses the computer as a model of how thinking develops

positive correlation

if both things being measured are going in the same direction

negative correlation

if both things being measured are going in opposite directions

\-1.00 to 1.00

what is the number range of positive and negative correlation

0

the weaker the relation, the closer it is to ___

1

the stronger the relation, the closer it is to ___

8

how many stages are there of Erikson’s psychological theory

basic trust vs. mistrust

birth-1; to develop a sense that the world is safe and a “good place”

autonomy vs. shame

1-3; potty training, to realize that one is an independent person who can make decisions, teaching them that it is okay to make mistakes, and not shaming them for things they cannot control

initiative vs. guilt

3-6; To develop the ability to try new things and to handle failure 

industry vs. inferiority

6-adolescence; to learn basic skills and the ability to work with others, the need for someone to fit in with society, and the idea that they have to be like everyone else to be successful

identity vs. identity confusion

Adolescence; to develop a lasting integrated sense of self, trying to understand one’s self and their ideas and values

intimacy vs. isolation

young adulthood; to commit to another in a loving relationship, forming close friends to keep in your life, getting marries, or locking yourself away and never making relationships with people

generativity vs stagnation

middle adulthood; to contribute to younger people through child rearing, child care, or other productive work, teaching children to give to the community and to care for others or not caring about anything that doesn’t have to do with the individual

integrity vs despair

late-life; to view one’s life as satisfactory and worth living, old people who are happy about the life they lived, or old people who are full of despair and guilt about the life they lives

continuity vs discontinuity

does development smoothly progress or shift abruptly 

microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem

what are brofennbrenner’s stages of ecological approach from inside to outside

microsystem

the individual’s immediate environment (family, school, friends, work)

mesosystem

the relationship between the things in the microsystem; good home life and bad school life

exosystem

social, environmental, and governmental forces in the individual’s life; moving to a new state/school, parent’s divorce, and the government cutting food stamps

macrosystem

the cultures and subcultures that surround the individual; least likely to affect 

nutrition, stress, and the mother’s age

what are three general risk factors in pregnancy

germinal, embryonic, and fetal

what are the three prenatal stages

germinal

starts at the time of conception, when the sperm and the egg combine to form a zygote

embryonic

the roughly 6-week period in which the three-layered embryo develops; the heart begins to beat and organs form and begin to function.

fetal

extends from the beginning of the ninth week after fertilization to about 38 weeks after fertilization; the fetus will begin to develop organs, including the brain and spinal cord

endoderm

forms the digestive system and the lungs

mesoderm

forms muscles, bones, and circulatory system

ectoderm

forms skin and nervous system

3-4 weeks after conception

when does development begin during pregnancy

umbilical cord

connect the baby to the mother’s placenta

placenta

a disc of tissue that connects a mother's uterus to the umbilical cord, responsible for delivering nutrients and oxygen to the fetus

FAS; fetal alcohol syndrome

drinking while pregnant results in what

premature birth, low birth weight, issues in mental development of the child, a condition known as fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

what results from drinking and smoking while pregnant

monozygotic twins (identical twins)

result from the fertilization of a single egg by a single sperm, with the fertilized egg then splitting into two

dizygotic twins (fraternal twins)

result from the fertilization of two separate eggs with two different sperm during the same pregnancy

zygote

the result of the human egg and sperm uniting; containing a complete set of 23 paired chromosomes

ultrasound

an imaging method that uses sound waves to produce images of structures within your body; used to see babies in pregnant women

amniocentesis

a test you may be offered during pregnancy to check if your baby has a genetic or chromosomal condition, such as Down's syndrome, Edwards' syndrome or Patau's syndrome.

25,000

how many genes do human beings have

teratogen

drugs, diseases, or environmental hazards causing abnormal prenatal development

downs syndrome

condition where the individual was born with an extra chromosome

Huntington’s disease

an inherited disorder that causes nerve cells (neurons) in parts of the brain to gradually break down and die

sickle cell disease

the hemoglobin is abnormal, which causes the red blood cells to become hard and sticky and look C-shaped, the cells die early, which causes a constant shortage of red blood cells

hypoxia

low levels of oxygen in your body tissues

dominant genes

genes that express themselves more strongly than other genes; brown hair is dominant over blonde hair

recessive genes

genes that are not as strong as the other genes, and usually get overpowered; blue eyes are recessive to brown eyes

age of viability

the age at which a premature baby can survive outside of the uterus

3

how many stages of labor are there

12-24 hours before birth, contractions become increasingly stronger, cervix enlarges to around 10 centimeters

what happens in the first stage of labor

less than one hour before birth, baby passes through the cervix to the vagina crowning begins, baby is born

what happens in the second stage of labor

placenta is expelled

what happens in the third stage of labor

when the baby’s head begins to appear

what is crowning

genotype

the genetic makeup of an individual; Hh, HH, hh

phenotype

the physical makeup of an individual; brown hair, tall, green eyes

female

xx represents which sex

male

xy represents which sex

36

babies born before __ weeks are premature