Psychology Chapter 1

Central Route Persuasion

a logic-driven approach, using data and facts to convince people of an argument or product's worthiness

Peripheral Route Persuasion

persuasion which does not rely on the intrinsic merits of an argument

Homophily

the tendency for people to form social networks with other people who are similar to oneself

Situationism

Behavior caused by environment

Dispositionism

Behavior determined by internal factors

Fundamental Attrribution Error

Nothing is ever my fault

Cognitive Dissonance

Competing or inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or actions

Foot in the door

Agree to a small request, comply with a larger request later.

Door in the face

Large unsuccessful request, to comply with a small request later

Group Behavior

When in group settings, we are often influenced by the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of people around us.

Social facilitation

We perform better in other peoples presence (but on novel, difficult tasks)

Social Loafing

Diminished effort during other peoples presence

Deindividualization

Loss of self awareness and self-restraint in large groups.

Asch’s Conformity study

Which line matches the target line

Conformity

adjusting our behavior or thinking to meet group standards

Informational Conformity

Conform based on belief group has correct information

Narrative Conformity

We conform to avoid rejection or gain social approval.

Groupthink

Going along with groups decision to preserve harmony

Milgram’s Obedience Study

Do people obey behaviors even when they have concerns with their behavior

Prejudice

negative attitude or feeling towards another based on social group membership

Cognitions

Thoughts

Affect

feelings of hostility or fear

Behavior

Discriminating against others

Explicit Prejudice

Consciously held and expressed attitude

Implicit prejudice

unconsciously held prejudice that is not expressed directly

Just world phenomenon

Good is always rewarded and bad is punished

Social identity Theory

how group membership is incorporated into our self-concept and how this affects our views of other members and nonmembers of our groups as well as members of rival groups.

Scapegoat Theory

Looking for someone to blame

Categorization (roots of prejudice)

We tend to categorize things as humans

Outgroup homogeneity effect

Tend to treat outgroup members as homogenous.

Aggression

Any behavior with the intent to cause harm or pain someone

Hostile Aggression

goal is to cause pain

Instrumental Aggression

Aggression used to achieve a different goal

Script Theory

Default to scripts when in an ambiguous situation

Altruism

The drive to help others, even if the costs outweigh the benefits

Empathy

Capacity to understand another’s perspective and emotional experience

Compassion

Feelings of concern for soneone’s well being

How is altruism different from compassion

Altruism considered an act, compassion is the emotion behind the act.

What is the most influential predictor of a relationship

Proximity and contact (repeated exposure leads to increased preference)

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Love

Passion, Commitment, and Intimacy (all three lead to good love)

Industrial Psychology

Describing Job Requirements and assessing ability to meet requirements

Organizational Psychology

Factors influencing employee happiness and effectiveness

Hawthorne effect

individuals modify an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being supervised

Transactional Leadership

Focus on supervision and organizational goals, employees rewarded when goals are met.

Transformational Leadership

Leaders are charismatic, inspirational, intellectually stimulating, considerate, rewards are not as necessary to satisfy employees.

Strengths-Based Leadership

Focus on strengths of individual employees. Assign tasks according to strengths.

Management Theory

If workers enjoy work they prefer to set their own goals, if they dislike work then they prefer to be led more.

Primary stress appraisal

Whether the event is threatening

Secondary Stress appraisal

Whether we can cope or not

General Adoption Syndrome

Bodies reaction to stress, three phases: Alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion

Physiological Stress Response

Walter Canon “Fight or Flight” (freeze)

Sympathetic Nervous System

Causes the stress response

Parasympathetic

Relaxation response

Acute Stress

Immediately in the moment

Chronic Stress

Longer term physiological stress

Common stressors

Trauma, life changes, occupational stress

Trauma

Exposure to actual, or threatened death or serious injury

Social Readjustment Rating Scale

43 life events that help to measure how much stress someone has faced

Psychophysiological Disorders

Diseases whose symptoms are caused or worsened by stress.

Problem Focused Coping

Change the stressor or how you react to it.

Emotion focused coping

Shift emotions, often used when we can’t change the situation

Internal Locus of control

Control over own situation

External Locus of control

Belief that chance/outside forces control destiny.

Learned Helplessness

Uncontrollable events→passive resignation→Learned helplessness (Seligman’s Dog experiment)

Hedonic Happiness

Achieved through experience of meaning and purpose (shallower)

Eudaimonic Happiness

Achieved through fullness of achievement (deeper)

Positive Psychology

Scientific study of strengths that enable individuals and communities to thrive

Deviane

Deviates from cultural norms

Diathesis

Genetic Predisposition

Diathesis Model

Diathesis plus environmental or psychological events causing stress

Diagnosis Process

Prognosis, treatment planning, research

DSM-5

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-Used to help guide mental health diagnosis.

Fear

A state of immediate alarm, increase in respiration, perspiration, and muscle tense, response to serious known threat

Anxiety

A persistent and excessive fear

Cognitive symptoms of anxiety

Racing thoughts, rumination, difficulty controlling worry.

Emotional Symptoms of anxiety

Worry, fear/panic, overwhelmed

Behavioral Symptoms of anxiety

Racing heartbeat, restlessness, upset stomach, and muscle tension

General Anxiety disorder

Excessive anxiety under most circumstances, usually begins in childhood.

Panic Disorder

Repeated attacks: Heart palpitations, tingling, sweating, difficulty breathing, chest pain

Phobia

Persistent and unreasonable fear, (Treatment is flooding)

Social Anxiety Disorder

Social phobia, not stage fright, severe, irrational, and persistent.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Persistent thoughts, ideas, and images that cannot be ignored and that cause anxiety.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Exposure to a traumatic event that causes symptoms afterwards

PTSD Symptoms

Distressing memories, dreams/nightmares, dissociation, flashbacks, and more

Treatment for PTSD

Avoidance of Trauma linked stimuli

Developmental Psychopathology

Intersection of biology, developmental stage, and timing/type of trauma.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Depressed mood, lack of interest or enjoyment (apathy), sleeping concerns, appetite concerns.

Psychodynamic Theory

Anger turned inwards

Cognitive Behavioral Theory

Maladaptive thoughts lead to depressive mood and behaviors

Sociocultural Theory

Caused by social and cultural factors like isolation and discrimination

Bipolar Disorder

Alternating cycle between major depression and mania

Manic Episode

Lasts seven days or longer, abnormally elevated mood, distractibility, risk taking, sleep decreased

BPD subtypes

Bipolar 1 MDD+mania

Bipolar 2 MDD+Hypomania

Cyclothymia Mild depression and hypomania

Factors to a suicide attempt

Acquired capacity, perceived burdens, Thwarted belongingness, (Some risk factors are previous attempts, substance use, isolation, etc…)

Schizophrenia Positive symptoms (excess)

Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, inappropriate affect (laughing at funeral)

Schizophrenia Negative symptoms Deficits

Poverty of speech, blunted affect, apathy, social withdrawal

Dissociation

Separation from painful memories, thoughts, and feelings

Dissociative Fugue

Unplanned travel, sometimes taking a new identity

Dissociative Amnesia

Temporary loss of memory due to trauma or stress

Depersonalization Disorder

Periods of detachment from self and surroundings