3. The Oxford 5000 by CEFR level (American English)

M-Z

The study examines the chemical […] of the substance rather than its external appearance. (существительное: состав, the combination of substances or parts that form something, synonyms: composition, structure, constitution; antonyms: decomposition)

makeup

The […] of a new constitution requires not only legal expertise but also broad public participation. (существительное: создание, the process of creating or producing something, synonyms: creation, production, formation; antonyms: destruction, abolition)

making

The company decided to […] its goods locally instead of importing them from abroad. (глагол: производить, make goods in large quantities, usually using machinery, synonyms: produce, manufacture, fabricate; antonyms: consume, destroy)

manufacture

The transition to automated […] has significantly increased productivity in the sector. (существительное: производство, the process of producing goods, especially in factories, synonyms: production, fabrication, industry; antonyms: consumption)

manufacturing

Completing a […] requires months of systematic physical preparation. (существительное: марафон, a long-distance running race of approximately 42 kilometres, synonyms: long-distance race, endurance race; antonyms: sprint)

marathon

The evidence was sufficient, but only by a narrow […] did the court reach its final conclusion. (существительное: предел, разница, the amount by which something is different or the edge of something, synonyms: boundary, difference, leeway; antonyms: centre, core)

margin

A yellow […] was placed beside the paragraph to draw the reader's attention to the key argument. (существительное: маркер, a sign or object used to show or identify something, synonyms: indicator, sign, label; antonyms: concealment)

marker

The country has a long tradition of […] arts, including karate and judo. (прилагательное: военный, relating to war or fighting, especially fighting techniques, synonyms: military, combat-related, warlike; antonyms: civilian, peaceful)

martial

The researcher asked her […] to review the draft before publication. (существительное/глагол: товарищ, напарник; спариваться, a friend or companion; to join or work together, synonyms: companion, colleague, partner; antonyms: stranger, opponent)

mate

The car was taken to a […] after the engine began making an unusual noise. (существительное: механик, a person who repairs and maintains machines or vehicles, synonyms: repairer, technician, engineer; antonyms: —)

mechanic

The failure was caused by a […] problem rather than an electrical one. (прилагательное: механический, relating to machines or physical forces, synonyms: machine-related, physical, mechanical; antonyms: electrical, electronic)

mechanical

The legal system contains a complex […] for resolving disputes between citizens and the state. (существительное: механизм, a system or process designed to achieve a particular result, synonyms: process, system, procedure; antonyms: disorder, randomness)

mechanism

She received a gold […] for her contribution to the international research project. (существительное: медаль, a metal disc awarded as a prize or honour, synonyms: award, decoration, honour; antonyms: —)

medal

The patient was prescribed new […] to control her symptoms. (существительное: лекарство, a drug used to treat an illness or medical condition, synonyms: medicine, drug, treatment; antonyms: —)

medication

University […] gives students access to specialised databases and research facilities. (существительное: членство, the state of being a member of a group or organisation, synonyms: membership, affiliation, association; antonyms: exclusion, non-membership)

membership

The conference was a […] experience that influenced the direction of his academic career. (прилагательное: запоминающийся, worth remembering because it is unusual or important, synonyms: unforgettable, notable, memorable; antonyms: forgettable, insignificant)

memorable

The author uses the […] of a bridge to describe the relationship between law and morality. (существительное: метафора, a figure of speech in which one thing is described as another to suggest a similarity, synonyms: analogy, comparison, image; antonyms: literal statement)

metaphor

The […] worked underground for twelve hours to extract the valuable ore. (существительное: шахтёр, a person who works in a mine extracting minerals, synonyms: miner, mineworker; antonyms: —)

miner

After years of poverty, the family lived in […] conditions that seriously affected their health. (прилагательное: несчастный, extremely unhappy or uncomfortable, synonyms: miserable, unhappy, wretched; antonyms: happy, comfortable)

miserable

The application allows users to switch between different display […] depending on their needs. (существительное: режим, a particular way or system of operating, synonyms: setting, system, method; antonyms: —)

mode

Despite his considerable achievements, the professor maintained a […] attitude towards his own success. (прилагательное: скромный, not excessively proud or confident, synonyms: modest, humble, unassuming; antonyms: arrogant, boastful)

modest

The children were frightened by the […] in the old story. (существительное: монстр, an imaginary or frightening creature, synonyms: creature, beast, monster; antonyms: human, angel)

monster

The organisation publishes a […] report on its environmental performance. (прилагательное: ежемесячный, happening once every month, synonyms: monthly, per-month; antonyms: annual, yearly)

monthly

A monument was erected to commemorate those who died during the conflict. (существительное: памятник, a structure built to remember a person or event, synonyms: memorial, memorial structure, statue; antonyms: —)

monument

The policy is costly; […], its long-term social benefits may justify the investment. (наречие: кроме того, in addition to what has already been said, synonyms: furthermore, additionally, besides; antonyms: nevertheless, however)

moreover

Rising interest rates have made it increasingly difficult for young families to obtain a […]. (существительное: ипотека, a loan used to buy property, synonyms: home loan, property loan; antonyms: —)

mortgage

The building was originally constructed as a […] and remains an important religious site. (существительное: мечеть, a building where Muslims worship, synonyms: Islamic place of worship, masjid; antonyms: —)

mosque

The spread of the disease was partly attributed to the increasing number of […]. (существительное: комар, a small flying insect that can transmit diseases, synonyms: mosquito, biting insect; antonyms: —)

mosquito

The court rejected the defence's […] to postpone the hearing. (существительное: движение, предложение, движение тела, a formal proposal or movement; a physical movement, synonyms: proposal, motion, movement; antonyms: stillness, rejection)

motion

The programme aims to […] students to pursue careers in scientific research. (глагол: мотивировать, give someone a reason or desire to do something, synonyms: encourage, inspire, stimulate; antonyms: discourage, deter)

motivate

Financial security was not her main […] for entering the profession. (существительное: мотивация, the reason or reasons that make someone act in a particular way, synonyms: incentive, drive, encouragement; antonyms: discouragement, disinterest)

motivation

The documentary was deeply […] and encouraged viewers to reconsider their assumptions. (прилагательное: трогательный, causing strong emotions, especially sadness or sympathy, synonyms: touching, emotional, poignant; antonyms: unemotional, detached)

moving

The story is based on an ancient […] that has been passed down through generations. (существительное: миф, a traditional story, often involving supernatural beings or events, synonyms: legend, folklore, tale; antonyms: fact, reality)

myth

The photograph showed the athlete standing […] in the centre of the room. (прилагательное: обнажённый, not wearing clothes, synonyms: nude, unclothed, undressed; antonyms: clothed, dressed)

naked

The committee condemned the proposal as a […] attempt to restrict academic freedom. (прилагательное: неприятный, злой, unpleasant or unkind, synonyms: unpleasant, nasty, mean; antonyms: pleasant, kind)

nasty

Modern […] systems have transformed the way people travel and communicate across the world. (существительное: навигация, the process of finding one's way, especially using maps or technology, synonyms: wayfinding, guidance, orientation; antonyms: disorientation)

navigation

The university has opened a new research centre in a […] building. (прилагательное/наречие: расположенный рядом, close to a particular place, synonyms: nearby, close, adjacent; antonyms: distant, remote)

nearby

Access to clean water is not a luxury but a basic […]. (существительное: необходимость, something that is necessary or essential, synonyms: necessity, need, requirement; antonyms: luxury, option)

necessity

The two parties agreed to […] a new trade agreement after several months of disagreement. (глагол: вести переговоры, discuss something formally in order to reach an agreement, synonyms: bargain, discuss, confer; antonyms: refuse, dictate)

negotiate

The […] continued for several weeks before the parties reached a compromise. (существительное: переговоры, formal discussions aimed at reaching an agreement, synonyms: talks, bargaining, discussions; antonyms: conflict, confrontation)

negotiation

The judge remained […] throughout the politically sensitive proceedings. (прилагательное: нейтральный, not supporting either side in a disagreement or conflict, synonyms: impartial, unbiased, objective; antonyms: biased, partisan)

neutral

The newly elected government has […] introduced several constitutional reforms. (наречие: недавно, recently, especially in relation to a change or development, synonyms: recently, lately, freshly; antonyms: formerly, previously)

newly

The vending machine returned a […] instead of the correct change. (существительное: пятицентовая монета, a US or Canadian coin worth five cents, synonyms: five-cent coin; antonyms: —)

nickel

In many societies, the […] is that citizens should obey the law unless it is changed through lawful procedures. (существительное: норма, an accepted standard or pattern of behaviour, synonyms: standard, convention, rule; antonyms: exception, deviation)

norm

She recorded the results of each experiment in a […]. (существительное: блокнот, a small book used for writing notes, synonyms: notepad, journal, notebook; antonyms: —)

notebook

The […] published her first novel while still studying at university. (существительное: романист, писатель романов, a person who writes novels, synonyms: writer, author, fiction writer; antonyms: —)

novelist

[…] , digital technologies have become an essential part of everyday life. (наречие: в настоящее время, at the present time, especially compared with the past, synonyms: today, currently, these days; antonyms: formerly, historically)

nowadays

The hospital is expanding its […] services to provide better care for elderly patients. (прилагательное: сестринский, relating to the profession of caring for sick people, synonyms: nursing, medical-care-related; antonyms: —)

nursing

Poor […] can have serious consequences for physical and cognitive development. (существительное: питание, the process of providing or obtaining food necessary for health and growth, synonyms: nourishment, diet, sustenance; antonyms: malnutrition, starvation)

nutrition

The study found a strong correlation between sedentary lifestyles and […]. (существительное: ожирение, the condition of being significantly overweight, synonyms: excessive weight, adiposity; antonyms: fitness, thinness)

obesity

An independent […] was appointed to monitor the election process. (существительное: наблюдатель, a person who watches or examines something without taking part, synonyms: observer, monitor, watcher; antonyms: participant, actor)

observer

Lack of funding remains the main […] to implementing the proposed reforms. (существительное: препятствие, something that makes progress difficult, synonyms: barrier, hindrance, impediment; antonyms: aid, assistance)

obstacle

The military […] of the territory lasted for several decades. (существительное: оккупация, control of a place by a foreign military force, synonyms: invasion, control, seizure; antonyms: liberation, independence)

occupation

The invading army managed to […] the capital within a few days. (глагол: занимать, захватывать, take control of a place, especially by military force, synonyms: seize, take over, control; antonyms: evacuate, abandon)

occupy

The court imposed a severe sentence on the […]. (существительное: правонарушитель, a person who has committed a crime or offence, synonyms: criminal, lawbreaker, culprit; antonyms: victim, law-abiding citizen)

offender

The […] investigation has already lasted more than two years. (прилагательное: продолжающийся, still happening or in progress, synonyms: ongoing, continuing, current; antonyms: completed, concluded)

ongoing

The researchers […] criticised the government's decision to restrict access to public information. (наречие: открыто, in an open and public way, without hiding one's opinions or feelings, synonyms: publicly, frankly, candidly; antonyms: secretly, privately)

openly

The opera combines music, drama, singing, and elaborate stage design. (существительное: опера, a dramatic work performed with music and singing, synonyms: musical drama, operatic work; antonyms: —)

opera

The machine […] failed to detect the technical problem. (существительное: оператор, a person who controls or operates a machine or system, synonyms: controller, technician, user; antonyms: —)

operator

Despite the uncertainty, investors remain […] about the country's economic prospects. (прилагательное: оптимистичный, expecting good things to happen, synonyms: hopeful, positive, confident; antonyms: pessimistic, negative)

optimistic

The symphony was performed by a professional […] of more than eighty musicians. (существительное: оркестр, a large group of musicians who play instruments together, synonyms: ensemble, musical group; antonyms: soloist)

orchestra

The researchers examined whether […] farming methods could reduce environmental damage. (прилагательное: органический, relating to farming without artificial chemicals; natural, synonyms: natural, ecological, chemical-free; antonyms: synthetic, inorganic)

organic

The participants were asked to wear formal […] for the ceremony. (существительное: одежда, a set of clothes worn together, synonyms: clothing, attire, clothes; antonyms: —)

outfit

The factory's annual […] increased by 15 per cent after the new machinery was installed. (существительное: объём производства, the amount produced by a person, organisation, or system, synonyms: production, yield, output; antonyms: input)

output

The researcher received an […] award for her contribution to constitutional theory. (прилагательное: выдающийся, extremely good or impressive, synonyms: exceptional, remarkable, distinguished; antonyms: mediocre, ordinary)

outstanding

The new policy helped many families […] the financial difficulties caused by the recession. (глагол: преодолеть, successfully deal with or recover from a difficult situation, synonyms: overcome, conquer, surmount; antonyms: surrender, succumb)

overcome

The system was updated […], without interrupting the service during working hours. (наречие: за ночь, during the night or in a single night, synonyms: during the night, overnight; antonyms: during the day)

overnight

The dispute concerned the legal […] of several commercial properties. (существительное: право собственности, the state of legally owning something, synonyms: possession, proprietorship, title; antonyms: dispossession, loss)

ownership

The patient's blood contained insufficient levels of […]. (существительное: кислород, a gas necessary for breathing and combustion, synonyms: O2, life-supporting gas; antonyms: carbon dioxide)

oxygen

Each participant received a […] containing the study materials. (существительное: пакет, небольшой пакет, a small container or bundle of things, synonyms: parcel, bundle, package; antonyms: —)

packet

The child held the flower in the […] of her hand. (существительное: ладонь, the inside surface of the hand, synonyms: hand, palm of the hand; antonyms: back of the hand)

palm

The sudden noise caused widespread […] among the passengers. (существительное: паника, a sudden feeling of extreme fear that makes people act irrationally, synonyms: alarm, terror, hysteria; antonyms: calm, composure)

panic

Thousands of people gathered to watch the annual […]. (существительное: парад, a public procession or march, often held as a celebration, synonyms: procession, march, pageant; antonyms: —)

parade

The two studies reached […] conclusions despite using different methodologies. (прилагательное/существительное: параллельный, параллель, similar and occurring at the same time; a line or process that is always equally distant from another, synonyms: corresponding, comparable, parallel; antonyms: divergent, intersecting)

parallel

Active […] in democratic institutions is essential for maintaining political legitimacy. (существительное: участие, the act of taking part in something, synonyms: involvement, engagement, contribution; antonyms: non-participation, exclusion)

participation

The research project was conducted through a […] between two universities. (существительное: партнёрство, a cooperative relationship between people or organisations, synonyms: collaboration, alliance, cooperation; antonyms: rivalry, competition)

partnership

She works […] while completing her degree at university. (прилагательное/наречие: неполный рабочий день, working for less than the full number of hours, synonyms: part-time, half-time; antonyms: full-time)

part-time

The professor is […] about protecting freedom of expression and regularly speaks at public events. (прилагательное: страстный, having strong feelings or enthusiasm about something, synonyms: enthusiastic, fervent, devoted; antonyms: indifferent, apathetic)

passionate

For security reasons, users should change their […] regularly. (существительное: пароль, a secret word or combination used to access a system, synonyms: passcode, access code, PIN; antonyms: —)

password

The researchers applied a small […] to the damaged equipment before testing it again. (существительное: заплата, небольшой участок, a small piece used to repair something; an area or section, synonyms: repair, piece, section; antonyms: whole, entirety)

patch

Learning a new language requires considerable […], especially when progress is slow. (существительное: терпение, the ability to remain calm while waiting or dealing with difficulty, synonyms: endurance, tolerance, perseverance; antonyms: impatience, irritation)

patience

After several hours of discussion, the committee decided to […] the meeting until the following morning. (глагол/существительное: делать паузу, пауза, temporarily stop; a temporary stop, synonyms: stop, break, interruption; antonyms: continue, proceed)

pause

The findings were reviewed by a […] who had not been involved in the original research. (существительное: коллега, человек равного положения, a person of the same age, status, or profession, synonyms: colleague, equal, contemporary; antonyms: superior, subordinate)

peer

Failure to comply with the regulation may result in a financial […]. (существительное: наказание, a punishment imposed for breaking a rule or law, synonyms: punishment, fine, sanction; antonyms: reward, exemption)

penalty

The public may […] the same event in very different ways depending on their cultural background. (глагол: воспринимать, become aware of or interpret something in a particular way, synonyms: interpret, understand, regard; antonyms: ignore, overlook)

perceive

Public […] of climate change is influenced by media coverage and political discourse. (существительное: восприятие, the way in which something is understood or interpreted, synonyms: understanding, interpretation, awareness; antonyms: ignorance, misunderstanding)

perception

The building was […] closed after inspectors discovered serious structural problems. (наречие: навсегда, forever or for an indefinite period, synonyms: forever, indefinitely, for good; antonyms: temporarily, briefly)

permanently

The prescription can be collected from any registered […]. (существительное: аптека, a shop where medicines are prepared and sold, synonyms: drugstore, chemist's; antonyms: —)

pharmacy

The patient was examined by a specialist […]. (существительное: врач, a medical doctor, especially one who is not a surgeon, synonyms: doctor, medical practitioner, clinician; antonyms: patient)

physician

The doctor prescribed a […] to reduce the patient's blood pressure. (существительное: таблетка, a small solid dose of medicine, synonyms: tablet, medication, capsule; antonyms: —)

pill

Rather than responding with anger, she felt […] for the people who had made the mistake. (существительное: жалость, sympathy for someone who is suffering, synonyms: compassion, sympathy, mercy; antonyms: cruelty, indifference)

pity

The university's […] programme places students in partner organisations for practical experience. (существительное: размещение, распределение, the act of placing someone or something in a particular position or situation, synonyms: allocation, positioning, assignment; antonyms: removal, displacement)

placement

Only a small […] of the budget was allocated to environmental protection. (существительное: часть, доля, a part of a larger amount, especially food or money, synonyms: share, part, serving; antonyms: whole, entirety)

portion

The new technology could […] reduce the cost of healthcare if widely adopted. (наречие: потенциально, possibly or possibly in the future, synonyms: possibly, conceivably, perhaps; antonyms: certainly, definitely)

potentially

The introduction of the new constitution was […] by a period of political instability. (глагол: предшествовать, come before something in time or order, synonyms: precede, predate, come before; antonyms: follow, succeed)

precede

The archive contains […] manuscripts that are carefully preserved under controlled conditions. (прилагательное: драгоценный, very valuable or important, synonyms: valuable, treasured, priceless; antonyms: worthless, valueless)

precious

The researchers required […] measurements to ensure the validity of the experiment. (прилагательное: точный, exact and accurate, synonyms: exact, accurate, specific; antonyms: approximate, vague)

precise

The study does not […] explain why the results differ from previous research. (наречие: точно, exactly or in an exact manner, synonyms: exactly, accurately, specifically; antonyms: approximately, vaguely)

precisely

The outcome was […] given the economic conditions at the time. (прилагательное: предсказуемый, easy to predict because it follows an expected pattern, synonyms: foreseeable, expected, foreseeable; antonyms: unpredictable, unexpected)

predictable

Participants were asked to indicate their […] for one of the proposed solutions. (существительное: предпочтение, a greater liking for one option than another, synonyms: choice, inclination, predilection; antonyms: aversion, dislike)

preference