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polymers
large molecules composed of small repeating units called monomers
condensation polymer
a polymer formed by condensation reactions, involving the release of a small inorganic molecule
ester linkage
remove the OH from -COOH (or the Cl from -COCl) and the H from -OH, then the carbonyl carbon bonds to the remaining O
polyester
condensation polymer in which the monomers are joined through ester linkages
What two ways are there of forming polyesters (via condensation polymerisation)?
1. a dicarboxylic acid or a diacyl chloride + a diol (all have a functional group on either end)
2. a single monomer with a carboxylic acid or acyl chloride on one end and a hydroxyl group on the other
amide linkage
remove the OH from -COOH (or the Cl from -COCl) and an H from -NH2, then the carbonyl carbon bonds to the N
polyamide
condensation polymer in which the monomers are joined through amide linkages
What two ways are there of forming polyamides (via condensation polymerisation)?
1. a diacyl chloride + a diamine (all have a functional group on either end)
2. a single monomer with an acyl chloride on one end and an amine group on the other
amino acids
monomers of proteins
What do amino acids contain?
an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a unique side chain bonded to a central C
How do amino acids bond?
peptide bonds - an amide linkage, releasing H2O
hydrolysis
reaction where large molecules are broken down into smaller ones after the addition of water
acid hydrolysis
the water used in hydrolysis is acidified, so any functional groups that can will be protonated (e.g., amine, hydroxyl group)
protonate
transfer a proton (H+) to a molecule
deprotonate
remove a proton (H+) from a molecule
base hydrolysis
the water used in hydrolysis is alkaline, so any functional groups that can will be deprotonated (e.g., amine, hydroxyl group)
triglycerides
energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid, joined via an esterification reaction
glycerol
propan-1,2,3-triol
fatty acids
carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon chains
acid hydrolysis of triglycerides
forms a glycerol and 3 carboxylic acids
base hydrolysis of triglycerides
forms a glycerol and 3 carboxylate ions (no H+ available)
if a base like NaOH is added, the ion will form a carboxylate salt
acid hydrolysis of esters
forms a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
base hydrolysis of esters
forms a carboxylate ion and an alcohol
acid hydrolysis of amides
forms a carboxylic acid and an ammonium salt (contains an ammonium cation)
base hydrolysis of amides
forms a carboxylate ion and an amine
if a base like NaOH is added, the ion will form a carboxylate salt
What is needed for the hydrolysis of esters and amides?
an acidic/basic catalyst, and heat under reflux
