ISAP revision

name a shared brain structure between the nervous and endocrine system

hypothalamus

list 4 similarities between the nervous and endocrine systems

1. shared regulatory processes

2. shared signally pathways

3. shared brain structure (hypothalamus)

4. shared chemical messengers (norepinephrine)

list 4 differences between the nervous and endocrine systems

1. mode of transport (neurotransmitter vs. hormone)

2. speed of response

3. modulation of signal intensity

4. duration of response

what is a common chemical messenger between nervous and endocrine systems

norepinephrine

which system uses a neurotransmitter as a mode of transport

the nervous system

which system uses hormones as a mode of transport

the endocrine system

what system has a rapid speed of response

nervous

which system has a longer duration of response

endocrine

what does amplitude modulated signals mean

where the strength of a signal is changed according to the message

how does an action potential modulate the signal intensity?

• more neurons

• pattern of firing

• frequency modulation

what is the main purpose of the endocrine and nervous systems?

work to maintain homeostasis using chemical messengers

what is a gland?

an organ that makes and releases substances

name two types of glands

1. endocrine

2. exocrine

what type of gland secretes hormones

endocrine

where do hormones exert their effect

target tissue

how are hormones trasported

bloodstream

what does endo mean

inside or within

what does exo mean

outside or external

lists some exocrine glands

• salivary gland

• sweat gland

• sebaceous gland

• mammary gland

list three general characteristics of a hormone

1. potent

2. specific

3. receptor

how is hormone secretion regulated?

negative feedback, some positive feedback

what is the purpose of negative feedback systems?

to maintain stability and homeostasis within a system by automatically counteracting changes from a desired set point

an example of a positive feedback system

during birth secretion of oxytocin

difference between positive and negative feedback systems

• negative → effect stops once stability is reach

• positive → effect is continued until stimulus is removed

where does the spinal cord begin and end

from the brain (foramen magnum) to the second lumbar vertebra

what are the four segments of the spine

cervical

thoracic

lumbar

sacral

how many pairs of spinal nerves exit the spinal column?

31 pairs

true or false? the spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral column

true

list the five sections of the spinal nerve pairs and the number of pairs in each section

cervical → 8

thoracic → 12

lumbar → 5

sacral → 5

coccygeal → 1

what is a monosynaptic arc

neural pathway that controls a reflex, monosynaptic reflex = simple, sensory neurons directly synapse with motor neurons (NO INTERNEURONS)

what is a polysynaptic arc

more complex pathway

multiple synapse with interneurons between sensory and motor neurons

what is a synpase

junction between two neurons

what is an interneuron

a type of neuron that acts as a connector or relay between sensory neurons and motor neurons, found only in CNS

five structure that make up a monosynaptic arc

sensory receptor →

sensory neuron →

synapse (in spinal cord) →

motor neuron →

effector organ

six structures that make up a polysynaptic arc

sensory receptor →

sensory neuron →

interneuron →

synapse →

motor neuron →

effector organ

what is the purpose of a reflex

quick, automatic response to stimulus

help maintain body’s constant stable status - homeostatic

how do reflexes achieve their purpose

automatic response to stimulus that regulate stability eg. negative feedback notices decrease and triggers cycle to increase

list the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

1) sympathetic

2) parasympathetic

3) enteric

what does autonomic mean?

involuntary or unconscious

which NS is referred to as “fight or flight”

sympathetic NS

which NS is associated with digestive tract regulation

enteric

which two divisions of the ANS are major

1) parasympathetic

2) sympathetic

how is local reflex different to other autonomic reflexes

does not involve CNS to produced reflex

define local reflex

involuntary, unconscious response to stimulus without CNS

give an example of a local reflex

enteric NS digestive tract wall

what is the brainstem

part of the brain, role in vital functions - midbrain

where is the brainstem

lowest part of brain, connects cerebrum to spinal cord

name the parts of the brainstem

• superior colliculi

• inferior colliculi

• tegmentum

• red nuclei

• cerebral peduncles

• substantia nigra

• rectum

what part of the brainstem carries sensory information from the spinal cord to the brain

tegmentum

what area of the brainstem controls muscle tone and coordinates movement

substantia nigria

what does red nuclei do

unconscious regulation and coordination of motor activities

which part of the brainstem carries information from the cerebrum to the brainstem

cerebral penduncles

purpose of the superior colliculi

receive sensory input from visual, auditory and tactile sensory systems → involved in reflex movements towards these stimuli

purpose of inferior colliculi

hearing and auitory pathways

which part of the diencephalon controls the endocrine system

hypothalamus

name the four parts of the diencephalon

1. thalamus

2. hypothalamus

3. subthalamus

4. epithalamus

which part of the diencephalon controls motor function

subthalamus

describe the function of the epithalamus

motivational behaviour control and biorhythms

describe the function of the thalamus

sensory relay centre

the pituitary gland is closely associated with which part of the diencephalon

hypothalamus

what type of gland is the pituitary gland

endocrine

how many hormones does the pituitary gland secrete

9

→ 7 anterior pit.

→ 2 posterior pit.

describe the relationship between the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus

hypothalamus regulates secretory activity of the pituitary gland (hormones it secretes) in response to other hormones, sensory info and emotions

list the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland (7)

1) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

2) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

3) growth hormone (GH)

4) prolactin

5) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

6) luteinizing hormone (LH)

7) melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

hormones of the anterior pituitary are…

tropic

define tropic hormones with example

act on other endocrine glands eg. TSH stimulates thyroid to release T3 and T4

what hormone acts on the adrenal cortex

adrenocorticotropic hormone

which two hormones are involved in regulation of the female menstrual cycle

1) FSH

2) LH

which hormone controls the thyroid gland

TSH

what hormones are produced by the thyroid gland (3)

1) T3

2) T4

3) calcitonin

1