Lecture Exam 1 kim jones

important comment of culture media

agar

primary structure of proteins

amino acid

glycoproteins with specific regions of attachment for bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms

antibody

uses microbes already present or introduced intentionally to restore ability or clean up toxic pollutants

bioremediation

cell wall of plants and many algae

cellulose

disruption of native state of protein through application of various agents

denature

an infectious disease whose incidence has increased in the past 20years and could increase in the future

emerging infectious disease

catalyst for all chemical reactions in cells

enzyme

true nucleus, single celled

eukaryote

hereditary information of living beings gradually changes through time

evolution

manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for the purpose of creating new products and GMOs

genetic engineering

protective outer layer, role in the attachment of cells to other cells or surfaces

glycocalyx

water loving, negative charge

hydrophillic

water fearing, uncharged

hydrophobic

component of the gram-negative cell wall

Lipopolysaccharide

A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules

Macromolecule

Any organism of microscopic or submicroscopic size.

microorganism

subunits of macromolecules

monomer

microbes that cause diseases

pathogen

short chain of amino acids

peptide

component of the bacterial cell wall

peptidoglycan

chain of various lengths of monomers

polymer

long chain of amino acids that makes proteins

Polypeptide

unicellular organism lacking a nucleus

Prokaryote

DNA that has been formed artificially by combining constituents from different organisms.

Recombinant DNA

present or existing everywhere

ubiquitous

bacteria, algae, protozoa, fungi, viruses

what are the 5 major groups of microorganisms

(microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission

bacteria

Kingdom composed of heterotrophs; many obtain energy and nutrients from dead organic matter

fungi

A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell.

Virus

microscopic, one-celled animals often found in decayed materials and contaminated water

protoza

typically eukaryotic microorganisms that carry out photosynthesis

algae

3.5 billion years ago

when did the first prokaryotes appear

1.8 billion years ago

when did the first eukaryotes appear

Photosynthesis that oxidizes water to form oxygen; the form of photosynthesis characteristic of plants, protists, and cyanobacteria

oxygenic photosynthesis

the series of processes by which nitrogen and its compounds are interconverted in the environment and in living organisms, including nitrogen fixation and decomposition.

nitrogen cycle

nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, denitrification

nitrogen cycle steps

bread production, alcohol production, treatment of wounds and lesions, cleaning up human created contamination

what are some beneficial roles of bacteria

AIDs, Hep C, Zika Virus

Emerging and Remerging Diseases

spontaneous generation (development of life from lifeless matter)

Abiogenesis

development of life from preexisting life

Biogenesis

A French chemist, this man discovered that heat could kill bacteria that otherwise spoiled liquids including milk, wine, and beer.

Louis Pasteur

Pasteurization

Louis Pasteur

first to observe "small chambers" in cork and call them cells.

Robert Hooke

made first simple microscope

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Provided indirect evidence linking microbes to disease. Developed surgery to prevent microbes entering wounds. Aseptic technique

Joesph Lister

Discovered and described bacterial endospores

Ferdinand Cohn

along with Ignaz Semmelweis promoted importance of hand washing to prevent disease in hospital settings

Oliver Wendell Holmes

advocated hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another

Ignaz Semmelweis

Developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens

Robert Koch

an enzyme produced chiefly by certain bacteria, having the property of cleaving DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of bases.

restriction enzymes

A microbial community that usually forms as a slimy layer on a surface.

Biofilm

the complete collection of microorganisms in the human body's ecosystem and their importance

human microbiome

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

what are the 4 major types of macromolecules

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

what are the 4 levels of protein folding

sequence of amino acids

primary structure

The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain.

secondary structure

The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.

tertiary structure

when more than one polypeptide forms a large multiunit protein

quartenary structure

Adenine-containing RNA nucleotide with two additional phosphate groups

Structure of ATP

transfer and storage of energy

Function of ATP

use genus and species name, italicize the whole name, capitalize name of genus

proper way to write an organisms scientific name

type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes

What is rRNA?

classification and identification of bacteria and archae

What is rRNA used in

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Taxonomic Hierarchy

3 domains, 5 kingdoms

What is the Woese-Fox taxonomic system

archaeologists, bacteria, eukarya

What are Woese's 3 domains?

prokaryotic, live in extreme environments

archea

The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms

eukarya

Prokaryotae, Protista, Fungi, PLantae, Animalia

what are woese-fox 5 kingdoms

unicellular, simple cell structure with no nucleus

Prokaryotae

unicellular and multicellular eukaryotic organisms; may be auto or heterotrophic and live in salt and fresh water

Protoctista

Kingdom of multicellular photosynthetic autotrophs that have cell walls containing cellulose

plantae

kingdom of multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs whose cells do not have cell walls

animalia

a macroscopic cluster of cells appearing on a solid medium arising from the multiplication of a single cell

colony

difference between an object and its background

contrast

application of second stain with a contrasting colour to sample for microscopy

counterstain

to grow microorganisms

culture

the introduction of an inoculum into media to culture microbes

Inoculation

the increase of an object's apparent size by using lenses or mirrors

magnification

nutrients for the growth of microbes

media

an ion that binds a chemical dye and holds it down

mordant

crystal violet, Malachite, carbol fuchsin

primary stain

the capacity of the optical system to distinguish two adjacent objects or points of views from one another

resolution

a measure of the light-bending ability of a medium

reflective index

parts of a bacteria cell

protects the cell and gives it shape

cell wall

protects the wall against some antibiotics (only present in Gram-negative cells)

outer membrane

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Cytoplasm

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

chromosome

contains some genes obtained through genetic recombination

plasmid

protect the cell and assist in attaching the cell to other surfaces

capsule and slime layer

A thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions.

endospore

A short, thick hair-like protein structure that allows a bacterium to attach to other bacteria and surfaces.

pilus

A long, whiplike structure that helps a cell to move

flagellum

label a bacteria cell

cocci, bacilli, spirilla

what are the shapes of bacteria cells

-Pairs (diplococci, diplobacilli)

-Clusters (staphylococci)

-Chains (streptococci, streptobacilli)

-Groups of four: tetrad

Cubelike groups of eight: sarcinae

what are the arrangements of bacterial cells

round cells sometimes flattened

cocci

Rod shaped bacteria

bacilli