Carbohydrates

what is the definition of a monomer?

a singular molecular unit from which larger molecules/polymers are made

what is the definition of a polymer?

a large molecule made up of many repeating monomer units joined in a chain

which biological molecules form polymers?

carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

name the monomer, polymer & elements of carbohydrates

monosaccharide

polysaccharide

C,H,O

name the monomer, polymer & elements of lipids

no monomer

no polymer

C, H, O - oxgen to carbon less than of carbohydrate

name the monomer, polymer & elements of proteins

amino acids

polypeptide

C, H, O, N, S

name the monomer, polymer & elements of nucleic acids

nucleotide

nucleic acids

C, H, O, N, P

what is a monosaccharide?

singular sugar molecule, monomer used to form polysaccharide

formula of a monosaccaride

Cx(H2O)y

what is a disaccharide?

two monosaccharide covalently joined by a glycosidic bond

what is a hexose sugar? name the 3

monosaccharide containing 6 carbons - C6H12O6

glucose, fructose, galactose

what is a pentose sugar? name the 2

monosaccharide containing 5 carbons

ribose, deoxyribose

what are the 2 types of glucose and how to differentiate?

α gluocse - OH group on sits below plane

β glucose - OH group sits above the plane

what polysaccharide can be formed from alpha glucose?

starch - store of glucose plant

glycogen - store of glucose animal

what polysaccharide can be made for beta glucose?

cellulose

what is the function of the 5 OH gr

name the five monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose

what is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose, how to differentiate?

deoxyribose lacks an oxygen on carbon 2

what is a condensation reaction?

removal of water molecule to form a bond

what is a glycosidic bond?

covalent bond between 2 monosaccharides to form a disaccharide via condensation reaction

name the 3 disaccharides

maltose, sucrose, lactose

what are the monosaccharides + glycosidic bond formed in maltose

2 α glucose

1,4 α glycosidic bond

what are the monosaccharides + glycosidic bond formed in sucrose

α glucose + fructose

1,2 α glycosidic bond

what are the monosaccharides + glycosidic bond formed in lactose

β glucose + galactose

1,4 β glycosidic bond

what is the definition of hydrolysis?

addition of a water molecule to break a bond

what is a reducing sugar?

carbohydrate that ‘opens up’ to form straight chain aldehyde or ketone 

examples of reducing sugars

all 3 hexose monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose

2 disaccharides: maltose, lactose

describe the Benedict test for detecting reducing sugars

add Benedict’s reagent to sugar solution

heat in boiling water bath for 5 mins

observe colour change:

what is a polysaccharide?

polymers of the hexose monosaccharides containing chains of glucose monomers

what bond are polysaccharides joined by?

1,4 glycosidic bond join the chain of glucose monomers

describe the structure of amylose