soc test 4

Race

A social construct with no biological basis.

Racism

Discrimination based on perceived racial differences.

Discrimination

Unjust treatment based on race or ethnicity.

Physical Attributes

Traits deemed important by society for race.

Skin Tone

Adaptation to environmental factors, not genetics.

Social Construction

Concepts shaped by societal beliefs and norms.

Changing Labels

Evolving names for racial categories over time.

Cultural Variations

Different racial classifications across societies.

Racial Identity

Self-identification with a particular racial group.

Genetic Variance

More genetic differences within races than between.

Ethnicity

Shared cultural and national traits or identities.

Social Characteristics

Common ancestry, language, or religion defining ethnicity.

Complex Ethnic Identity

Identifying with multiple ethnicities in various contexts.

Multiracial Identity

Increased number of individuals identifying as multiracial.

Social Minorities

Groups singled out based on physical or cultural traits.

Majority Group

Racial or ethnic group with most societal power.

Cultural Reality

Race exists as a societal concept, not biologically.

Evolving Meanings

Changing interpretations of race over time.

Bilingual Identity

Identifying with multiple languages and cultures.

Political Significance

Racial and ethnic issues influence political debates.

Unequal treatment

Disparity in power and resources among groups.

Distinguishing traits

Unique physical or cultural characteristics of groups.

Involuntary membership

Group affiliation not chosen by individuals.

Awareness of subordination

Recognition of one's lower status in society.

Subordinate group

Group with less power, often called minority.

Dominant group

Group with more power, often called majority.

Multiple Identities

Concept of having various ethnic or cultural backgrounds.

Cablinasian

Term coined by Tiger Woods for his mixed heritage.

Multiracial increase

Tripling of multiracial identification in 20 years.

Racial intermarriage

Marriage between different racial groups, historically restricted.

Miscegenation laws

Laws prohibiting interracial marriage, abolished in modern era.

Social stigma

Negative societal perception towards certain behaviors or identities.

Stereotypes

Oversimplified generalizations about a group of people.

Prejudice

Negative beliefs and attitudes towards a group.

Confirmation bias

Tendency to favor information that confirms existing beliefs.

Discrimination

Actions against individuals based on group characteristics.

Overt discrimination

Open and explicit actions of discrimination, like Jim Crow.

Individual discrimination

One-on-one harmful acts by individuals against others.

Institutional discrimination

Systematic practices harming subordinate groups within organizations.

White privilege

Advantages granted to white individuals in society.

Racism

Belief in racial superiority leading to discrimination.

Countercultures

Groups opposing mainstream societal norms, e.g., KKK.

Racism

Practices by dominant groups disadvantaging minorities.

White Supremacy

Belief in the superiority of Whites over others.

Structural Racism

Racism embedded in societal institutions.

Redlining

Discriminatory practice affecting housing access.

Wealth Gap

Economic disparity between racial groups.

Individual Racism

Prejudice by individuals consciously or unconsciously.

Racial Profiling

Targeting racial minorities for harsher treatment.

Historical Racism

Inequality caused by past discriminatory practices.

Cultural Racism

Cultural assumptions of racial inferiority.

Colorism

Preference for certain skin tones within a race.

Color-Avoidance Racism

Avoidance of racial language by some groups.

Contact Hypothesis

Equal status groups reduce prejudice through interaction.

Social Identity Theory

Identity based on group membership creates 'us' vs 'them'.

Scapegoat Theory

Dominant groups displace aggression onto subordinates.

Intersection Theory

Examines overlapping disadvantages of race, class, gender.

Subconscious Racism

Unconscious biases influencing split-second judgments.

Anti-Racism

Active efforts to challenge and dismantle racism.

Racist Ideas

Beliefs shaped by societal racism affecting individuals.

Racist Policies

Practices that perpetuate racial discrimination.

Stereotypes

Oversimplified beliefs about a group or individual.

Collaborative Anti-Racism

Working together to challenge racism at all levels.

Intergroup Relationships

Connections between different social groups.

Tolerance

Acceptance of diverse groups and beliefs.

Intolerance

Rejection or hostility towards different groups.

Pluralism

Cultural diversity coexisting with mutual respect.

Genocide

Deliberate annihilation of a targeted group.

Historical Examples of Genocide

Holocaust, Aboriginal Australians, Trail of Tears.

Expulsion

Forced removal of a subordinate group.

Internment Camps

Detention of specific groups during wartime.

Segregation

Physical separation of groups in society.

De Jure Segregation

Legal separation enforced by law.

De Facto Segregation

Separation occurring without legal enforcement.

Assimilation

Minority adopting characteristics of dominant culture.

Amalgamation

Combining minority and majority to form new group.

Miscegenation

Intermarriage between different racial groups.

Anti-Miscegenation Laws

Prohibitions against interracial marriage, abolished in 1967.

Factors Affecting Intergroup Relations

Elements influencing interactions between groups.

Manner of Entrance

How groups enter society: voluntary or involuntary.

Time of Entrance

Recency of arrival affecting acceptance levels.

Size of Group

Larger groups often face more contention.

Cultural Traits

Cultural similarities ease assimilation into dominant society.

Physical Traits

Visible differences significantly impact intergroup interactions.

White Privilege

Societal advantages held by white individuals.

Scapegoat Theory

Blaming a group for societal problems.

Multiculturalism

Cultural diversity within a society.

Native Americans

First settlers in North America, historically marginalized.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Forced relocation of Native tribes by U.S. government.

Indian Citizenship Act of 1924

Granted U.S. citizenship to Native Americans.

Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968

Guaranteed tribes rights similar to U.S. Bill of Rights.

Genocide

Deliberate killing of a large group, often ethnic.

Reservations

Designated areas for Native American tribes.

Cultural Erosion

Loss of cultural identity and practices over time.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Supreme Court case declaring slaves as property.

Jim Crow Laws

State laws enforcing racial segregation in the South.

African Americans

Second largest minority group in the U.S.

Slavery

System of forced labor, primarily affecting African Americans.

Civil War

Conflict from 1861-1865 over slavery and states' rights.

Segregation

Separation of groups based on race or ethnicity.