Unit 3 and Unit 4 Conglomerate Vocab

Bill of Rights

Designed specifically to guarantee liberties and rights.

Substantive Liberties

Procedural Liberties

Civil Rights

Civil Liberties

Personal freedoms protected from arbitrary governmental interference or deprivations by constitutional guarantee.

Selective Incorporation

The process of declaring only certain, or selected, provisions of the Bill of Rights applicable to the states rather than all of them at once.

Substantive Due Process

Addresses the essence of a law — whether the point of the law violates a basic right to life, liberty, or property. Places limits on what liberties the government can take away or deprive a citizen of.

Procedural Due Process

Addresses the manner in which the law is carried out.

1st Amendment

2nd Amendment

3rd Amendment

4th Amendment

5th Amendment

6th Amendment

7th Amendment

8th Amendment

9th Amendment

10th Amendment

Engle v. Vitale

School-sponsored prayer violates the establishment clause (1st Amendment).

Establishment Clause

All governing institutions cannot sanction, recognize, favor, or disregard any religion. The state cannot endorse or advance one religion over another.

Wisconsin v. Yoder

Requirements that Amish students attend school past the eighth grade violate the free exercise clause (1st Amendment).

Free Exercise Clause

Prevents governments from stopping religious practices unless the practice is illegal or threatens the interests of the community. People can practice any religion they want, provided it doesn’t violate established law or harm others.

“Wall of Separation”

Jefferson called that church and state remain separate, as the nation became more diverse and more secular over the years.

Clear and Present Danger

Schneck v. United States

Speech representing “a clear and present danger” is not protected (1st Amendment). Limitations on free speech may be warranted during wartime.

Symbolic Speech

Acts or expressions meant to convey a message, but not an absolute defense in a free speech conflicts (especially if illegal).

Obscene Speech

The 1st Amendment does not protect it, and no national standard fully defines it.

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District

Students in public schools are allowed to wear armbands as symbolic speech.

Libel

False statements in print about someone that defames or damages that person’s reputation.

New York Times Co. v. United States

The government cannot exercise prior restraint of the press (forbid publication ahead of time), just because most people see the idea as repugnant or offensive.

Prior Restraint

The right to stop spoken or printed expression in advance.

Defamatory

Exclusionary Rule

Evidence the government finds or takes in violation of the 4th Amendment can be excluded from trial.

McDonald v. Chicago

The right to keep and bear arms for self-defense in one’s home applies to the states (2nd Amendment). The 2nd Amendment must be protected by states based on the due process clause of the 14th Amendment.

Counsel

Gideon v. Wainwright

States must provide poor defendants with an attorney to guarantee a fair trial (6th Amendment).

Miranda Rule

Brown v. Board of Education

“Separate but Equal”

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Equal Protection Clause

Prohibits state governments from denying persons within their jurisdiction equal protection of the laws.

Letter from Birmingham Jail

NOW

Title IX of Education Amendments Act of 1972

Grandfather Clause (Voting)

Allowed states to recognize a registering voter as it would have recognized his grandfather.

Jim Crow Laws

Literacy Test

A test of reading skills required before one could vote.

Poll Tax

A simple fee required of voters.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Conservative

Liberal

Equality of Opportunity

Free Enterprise

Individualism

Laissez-Faire

Limited Government

Political Culture

Rule of Law

Political Socialization

Generational Effects

Lifecycle Effects

Great Depression

New Deal Coalition

Great Recession

Approval Rating

Benchmark Polls

Entrance Polls

Exit Polls

Focus Group

Public Opinion Polls

Push Polling

Random-Digit Dialing

Random Sample

Representative Sample

Sampling Error

Sampling Techniques

Tracking Polls

Weighting

Bandwagon Effect

Bradley Effect

Non-Response Bias

Social Desirability Bias

Ideology

Libertarian

Moderate

Populist

Progressive

Saliency

Valence Issues

Wedge Issues

Agenda

Majoritarian

Bonds

Discount Rate

Federal Reserve Board

Fiscal Policy

Flat Rate

Inflation

Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

Monetary Policy