sigma for national exam

Federalists (1788-1816)

Alexander Hamilton, John Marshall, John Adams, Daniel Webster (joined National Republican Party)

Democratic-Republicans (1800-1830)

Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, Henry Clay (began National Republican), John Q. Adams (began National Republican), Andrew Jackson (began Democratic), Martin van Buren (began Democratic), John C. Calhoun (began Democratic)

Democratic Party (1830-present)

Andrew Jackson, Martin van Buren, John C. Calhoun, James K. Polk, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan

National Republican Party (1828-1833)

Henry Clay (began Whigs), Daniel Webster (began Whigs), Abraham Lincoln (joined Whigs)

Whigs (1828-1833)

Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, John Q. Adams, Zachary Taylor, and William Henry Harrison all died before the party was dissolved. Winfield Scott dropped out of politics in 1855. John Tyler got kicked out of the party. Millard FIlmore joined Know-Nothings in 1855. Abraham Lincoln (until 1855)

Republicans (1854-present)

Abraham Lincoln

Washington Presidency Term(s)

1789-1797

John Adams Presidency Term(s)

1797-1801

Thomas Jefferson Presidency Term(s)

1801-1809

Madison Presidency Term(s)

1809-1817

Monroe Presidency Term(s)

1817-1825

JQ Adams Presidency Term(s)

1825-1829

Jackson Presidency Term(s)

1829-1837

Van Buren Presidency Term(s)

1837-1841

W.H Harrison Term(s)

1841 (passed away in office)

Tyler Presidency Term(s)

1841-1845

Polk Presidency Terms

1845-1849

Taylor Presidency Terms

1849-1850 (passed away in office)

Presidents that gotten assassinated

Abraham Lincoln (1865), Garfield (1881), McKinley (1901), Kennedy (1963)

Medicare

A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older

9/11 (September 11, 2001)

Terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon; led to a focus on eliminating terrorism.

Election of 1992

Bill Clinton won over George H.W. Bush because of the economy's problems and the solving of foreign policy problems, Bush's greatest strength.

Invasion of Iraq

The 2003 invasion of Iraq by the United States, Britain, Australia and Poland officially began on March 20, 2003. U.S. President George W. Bush stated that the objective of the invasion was "to disarm Iraq of weapons of mass destruction, to end Saddam Hussein's support for terrorism, and to free the Iraqi people". In preparation, 100,000 U.S. troops were assembled in Kuwait by February 18. The United States supplied the majority of the invading forces. Supporters of the invasion included a coalition force of more than 40 countries, and Kurds in northern Iraq. The invasion of Iraq encountered immense popular opposition. Between January 3 and April 12, 2003, 36 million people across the globe took part in almost 3,000 protests against the Iraq war. The 2003 invasion began the Iraq War.

Election of 2000

Bush v. Gore; Bush won although Gore won popular vote; controversy over the final vote count in Florida; settled by Supreme Court decision in favor of Bush

Election of 1988

The election in which George Bush (R) defeats Michael Dukakis (D)

Election of 1980

Ronald Reagan won over Jimmy Carter because of the Iranian hostage crisis and America's stagflation.

"Able Archer"

Able Archer 83 was a ten-day North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) command post exercise starting on November 2, 1983, that spanned Western Europe, centered on the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) Headquarters in Casteau, north of the city of Mons. Able Archer exercises simulated a period of conflict escalation, culminating in a simulated DEFCON 1 coordinated nuclear attack. The exercise also introduced a new, unique format of coded communication, radio silences, and the participation of heads of government.

Election of 1972

Placed Nixon against Democrat George McGovern, with the former being the embodiment of the radical movements Nixon's "silent majority" of middle-class Americans opposed, resulting in a landslide victory for Nixon

Election of 1968

The election in which Nixon won; conservative republican victory; demonstrated that the majority of the American electorate turned their back on liberal reform and activist governments

"Americanization" of the Vietnam War

Johson's plan/idea to take over the Vietnam war for the Southern Vietnamese. He wanted our troops and military to take over and run the show.

Moon Landing (1969)

NASA lands Americans on the moon before the Russians, symbolizing the end of the space race.

Kent State University

On May 4, 1970, Ohio National Guardsmen shot and killed four students and wounded at least nine others following a weekend of antiwar protests on the campus of Ken State University. Following President Nixon's April 30 announcement of the invasion of Cambodia by US forces, demonstrations occurred on campuses across the nation. On May 4, the soldiers used tear gas to disperse a noon rally protesting both the war and the guard's presence on campus. As the crowd retreated, some guardsmen inexplicably fired their weapons and killed Allison Krause, Jeffrey Miller, Sandra Scheuer, and William Schroeder and injured several others. On May 14 police fired on a dormitory at Jackson State University in Mississippi, killing two and injuring twelve. No criminal charges were filed against the guardsmen or police, but in Ohio the state made a civil settlement with the victims' families. Public reaction to the Ken State incident ranged from outrage against the guardsmen's excessive use of force to approval of suppression of violent protests. The extent to which the war had divided American society was obvious.

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

a resolution adopted by Congress in 1964, giving the president broad powers to wage war in Vietnam

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

law that changed the national quota system to limits of 170,000 immigrants per year from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 per year from the Western Hemisphere

Tet Offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.

Embargo Act

1807 act which ended all of America's importation and exportation. Jefferson hoped the act would pressure the French and British to recognize U.S. neutrality rights in exchange for U.S. goods. Really, however, just hurt Americans and our economy and got repealed in 1809.

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

Seven Years War

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

American Revolution

the revolution of the American colonies against Great Britain

Constitution

A written plan of government

Articles of Confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War.

3 powers of government

Legislative, Executive, Judicial

Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches

The legislative branch makes laws, the executive branch enforces them, and the judicial branch interprets them

Texan Independence

became independent of Mexico; then joined US

The Bank War (1832-1836)

Major Events:

Erupted when Henry Clay sought to renew the Bank's charter before the Election of 1832.

Jackson vetoed the bill then ordered all federal deposits in the bank to be withdrawn.

Two Secretaries of the Treasury refused and were removed from office.

Jackson was censured by the U.S. Senate.

Bank president Nicholas Biddle called in loans from across the country resulting in a financial crisis.

The Bank lost its charter in 1836 and went out of business five years later.

The Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

WW1

A war between the Allies and Central powers, it was mainly fought in europe.

WW2

1939-1945, Hitler, invading Poland, was the beginning of the war. U.S. was neutral but became involved when Japan, bombed Pearl Harbor. We then dropped the atomic bombs, Little Boy, & Fat Man on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, using the Enola Gay B-29 bomber.

The Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Korean War (1950-1953)

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

Pearl Harbor

Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which eagered America to enter the war.

Zimmerman Telegram

A telegram Germany Sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S.

Texas Annexation

1845. Originally refused in 1837, as the U.S. Government believed that the annexation would lead to war with Mexico. Texas remained a sovereign nation. Annexed via a joint resolution through Congress, supported by President-elect Polk, and approved in 1845. Land from the Republic of Texas later bacame parts of NM, CO, OK, KS, and WY.

Florida Annexation

Spain gave Florida to the U.S. in 1821, fertile land drew settlers and planters, becomes a state in 1845.

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

Gold Rush

a period from 1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)

Plan to have a popularly elected House based on state population and a state-selected Senate, with two members for each state

Progessive Era

a period of political and social reform from about 1890s-1920s.

Roaring twenties

the decade of the 1920's which got this nickname because of the times prosperity and excitement

Panic of 1837

A financial crisis in the United States that led to an economic depression

Jay's Treaty

Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Pinckney's Treaty

Gave Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and trade at New Orleans

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

"Corrupt Bargain"

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.

Spoils Systems

rewarding people with government jobs on the basis of their political support

Battle of New Orleans

A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.

Lewis and Clark

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.

Marbury vs Madison

Case in which the supreme court first asserted th power of Judicial review in finding that the congressional statue expanding the Court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional

Fletcher vs Peck

John Marshall ruled against a state legislature that invalidated corrupt land sales in order to protect property rights.

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Pueblo

Home to the Native Americans

Pueblo Uprising of 1680

Protohistoric Pueblo

Pilgrims

English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620

Native Americans

the first people to live in North America

The New England Colonies

Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

The Middle Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

Upper South Colonies

Maryland and Virginia

Lower South

North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Tobacco

Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown