✅️✅️2 - General Concepts of Bones & Joints

true

True or false?

A bone is an organ

organ

-Store minerals and fat, blood cell formation.

-Is an actively metabolizing tissue that change in in shape, size, and position by mechanical or biochemical demands

skeleton

Group of bones that serves for support, protection, providing levers for muscular action and movement

osteology

The science of bones

67%

_____% of the bones structure consists of minerals

33%

_____% of the bones structures consist of organic material

minerals

Nitric acid removes the [minerals/organic compounds] from the bone, making them soft while maintaining their shape

organic compounds

The shape of a bone is from the [minerals/organic compounds]

Reviewed

Review

axial skeleton

Classification of bones

What is #1?

heterotopic skeleton

Classification of bones

What is #2?

appendicular skeleton

Classification of bones

What is #3?

321

How many bones does a canine have?

Reviewed

Review

long

Bone shape?

-typical of the limbs

-three centers of ossification: one for the shaft (diaphysis), and one for each extremity (epiphysis)

-have a medullary cavity

short

Bone shape?

-have no dimension that greatly exceeds the others

-no medullary cavity

flat

Bone shape?

-expanded in two directions

-no medullary cavity

pneumatic bones

-Not a shape classification, but a characteristic of some flat bones of the skull in domestic mammals

-Excavated to contain air-filled spaces

-In mammals, these are confined to the skull and contain the paranasal sinuses

birds

In _____, some of the long bones have air pockets that communicate extensively with the respiratory system

irregular

This is an example of a _____ bones

physis

The growth plate of a long bone is known as the _____

diaphysis

The body/shaft of a long bone is known as the _____

metaphysis

What is #1?

proximal epiphysis

What is #2?

physis

What is #3?

diaphysis

What is #4?

distal epiphysis

What is #5?

spongy bone

What is #1?

compact bone

What is #2?

nutrient foramen

What is #3?

medullary cavity

What is #4?

cortex

Compact bone is also referred to as the _____

marrow cavity

The medullary cavity is also referred to as the _____

spongy bone

What is #1?

compact bone

What is #2?

compact bone

What is #1?

spongy bone

What is #2?

medullary cavity

What is the blue arrow pointing to?

bone marrow

Medullary cavity and the interstitial spaces of the spongy bone are occupied by _____

bone marrow

What is #1?

endosteum

What is #2?

periosteum

What is #3?

hyaline articular cartilage

Articular surfaces are clothed in _____, which is calcified in its deepest layer, which is firmly attached to the underlying cortex

fibrous

Hyaline articular cartilage becomes _____ toward the periphery, where it blends with the periosteum and joint capsule

hyaline articular cartilage

What is the blue arrow pointing to?

periosteum

What is the red arrow pointing to?

joint capsule

What is the green arrow pointing to?

yellow

With [yellow/red] bone marrow, the hemopoietic potential is "inactive"

red

The [yellow/red] bone marrow is richly vascularized, gelatinous tissue, with hemopoietic properties

lines

Bone elevations

What is the blue arrow pointing to?

crests

Bone elevations

What is the TOP blue arrow pointing to?

tubercles

Bone elevations

What is the BOTTOM blue arrow pointing to?

tuberosities

Bone elevations

What is the 1st (top) blue arrow pointing to?

spines

Bone elevations

What is the 2nd (middle) blue arrow pointing to?

trocanters

Bone elevations

What is the 3rd (bottom) blue arrow pointing to?

fossa

Bone depressions

What is the TOP blue arrow pointing to?

grooves

Bone depressions

What is the BOTTOM blue arrow pointing to?

endochondral ossification

-Initial formation of a cartilage model that is subsequently resorbed while serving as a matrix for bone development

-Areas within this model that initially start to mineralize are called "centers for ossification" - primary and secondary

-Cartilaginous plate (physis) remains btwn and separates adjacent centers until bone is mature

-Contiguous cartilage production, with subsequent resorption and ossification, at these plates is what allows a developing bone to elongate

primary

The [primary/secondary] centers of ossification form before birth and are located in the diaphysis

(TOP image)

secondary

The [primary/secondary] centers of ossification form after birth and are located in epiphysis and large eminences

(BOTTOM image)

intramembranous ossification

-Bone forms directly within a sheet of connective tissue

-No cartilage model is involved

-Characteristic of many flat bones

-Also occurs under the periosteum as bones grow in diameter, so most bones actually develop from a mixture of endochondral and intramembranous ossification

nutrient foramina

-May resemble an oblique fracture on radiographs

-Often where signs of panosteitis are first detectable

-Position is fairly consistent for each bone

nutrient artery

Bone blood supply

Penetrates toward the middle of the diaphysis

epiphysial arteries

Bone blood supply

What is #1?

metaphysial arteries

Bone blood supply

What is #2?

5-10%

Bones have a generous blood supply - near to _____-_____% of the cardiac output

sesamoid bones

-"Seed-like" bones

-Example: Patella

anthrology

The science concerned with the study of anatomy, function, dysfunction and treatment of joints or articulations

simple joints

bone + bone = ?

composite joints

bone + more than 1 bone = ?

fibrous joints

Categories of joints

United by dense connective tissues and are immobile

cartilaginous joints

Categories of joints

United by cartilage and are semi-mobile

synovial joints

Categories of joints

A fluid filled cavity intervenes between bones and allows mobility

fibrous joints

Sutures, gomphosis, and syndesmoses are associated with what category of joints?

cartilaginous joints

Synchondroses and symphysis are associated with what category of joints?

synovial

Plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, ellipsoidal, saddle, and ball-and-socket/spheroidal joints are all types of _____ joints

fibrous joint

-United by dense connective tissues

-Immobile

cartilaginous joint

-United by cartilage

-Semi-mobile

synovial joints

-A fluid-filled cavity intervenes between the bones

-Mobile

fibrous

Sutures are _____ joints

sutures

Fibrous joints in the skull that connect the skull's bones together

fibrous

Gomphosis are _____ joints

gomphosis

Specialized fibrous joint that anchors a tooth to its alveoli in the maxilla, incisor or mandible bones

fibrous

Syndesmosis are _____ joints

syndesmosis

A fibrous that holds two or more bones/ cartilages with ligaments or a strong membrane

syndesmosis

The interosseous membrane is a _____ joint

cartilaginous

Synchondrosis is a _____ joint

synchondrosis

Cartilaginous joint where the bones/cartilages are joined by hyaline cartilage

synchondrosis

Epiphysial cartilage (growth cartilage) is a _____ joint

cartilaginous

Symphysis is a _____ joint

symphysis

Fibrocartilaginous joint between two bones

synovial joint

-Keep bones or cartilage together with a fibrous joint capsule that is continuous with the periosteum of the joined bones.

-This joint unites long bones and permits free mobility.

osteosarcoma

Bone tumor

osteomyelitis

Infection of bone (from cat bite, for example)

osteotomy

Cutting of a bone

cells

The _____ of a bone modify its shape

can

Bones [can/can not] be modified

33%

What is the total organic compounds found in bone?

67%

What is the total inorganic compounds found in bone?

collagen

What is the main component of organic compounds found in bones?