SPEX 204: TEXTBOOK FLASHCARDS

sport and exercise psychology definition

the scientific study of people and their behaviors in sport and exercise contexts and the practical application of that knowledge

what are the ABCs of psychology

affect (one’s feelings)

behavior (one’s actions)

cognitions (one’s thoughts)

what are the main objectives that people who study sport and exercise psychology keep in mind

1. to understand how psychological factors affect an individual’s physical performance

2. to understand how participation in sport and exercise affects a person’s psychological development, health, and well-being

what are 2 examples of this objective:

1. to understand how psychological factors affect an individual’s physical performance

how anxiety affects a basketball player’s accuracy in shooting

does lacking self-confidence influence a child’s ability to learn to swim

what are 2 examples of this objective:

1. to understand how participation in sport and exercise affects a person’s psychological development, health, and well-being

does running reduce anxiety and depression

do young athletes learn to be overly aggressive from participating in youth sports

sport and exercise psychologists want to understand and help everyone (elite athletes, children, people with physical or mental disabilities, seniors, and recreational participants) achieve

___________

___________

___________

___________

(2-3 words per blank)

maximum participation

peak performance

personal satisfaction

development through participation

what 3 roles do exercise psychologists peruse in their professional activities

1. conducting research

2. teaching

3. consulting

what are the two specialties in contemporary sport and exercise psychology

1. clinical sport psychologists

2. educational sport specialists

what are clinical sport psychologists?

• have extensive training in psychology

• can detect and treat individuals with emotional disorders

• licensed

why are clinical sport psychologists needed?

some athletes and exercisers develop severe emotional disorders and require special treatment

(eating disorders & substance disorders)

what is an educational sport psychology specialist?

• has extensive training in sport and exercise science, physical education, and kinesiology

• understand the psychology of human movement in sport and exercise

(specialize in psychology and counseling)

how are educational sport psychology specialists different than a clinical sport psychologist?

educational → mental coach

educational → NOT trained to treat emotional disorders and NOT licensed

clinical → ARE!

educational can refer someone to a clinical

what does the psychology knowledge domain include (7 things)

• personality

• counseling

• experimental

• developmental

• clinical

• abnormal

• psychological

what includes the sport science knowledge domain? (7 things)

• biomechanics

• exercise physiology

• motor development

• sports medicine

• motor learning and control

• sport pedagogy

• sport sociology

what are the six periods that sports psychology fits into?

1. Early Years (1893-1919)

2. The development of Laboratories and Psychological testing (1920-1938)

3. Preparation for the future (1938-1965)

4. Establishment of Academic Sport Psychology (1966-1977)

5. Multidisciplinary Science and Practice in Sport and Exercise Psychology (1978-1999)

6. Contemporary Sport and exercise Psychology (2000-Present)

Describe the first period of sport psychology

1. Early Years (1893-1919)

isolated studies

Describe the second period of sport psychology

2. The development of Laboratories and Psychological testing (1920-1938)

• sport psychology laboratories and psychological testing took place around the world

• coleman griffith became the first american to specialize in the area

Describe the third period of sport psychology

3. Preparation for the future (1938-1965)

• field’s scientific development

  • bc of Franklin Henry’s educational efforts

Describe the fourth period of sport psychology

4. Establishment of Academic Sport Psychology (1966-1977)

• sport and exercise psychology became an important component of physical education

Describe the fifth period of sport psychology

5. Multidisciplinary Science and Practice in Sport and Exercise Psychology (1978-1999)

• growth in the field

• became more accepted and respected by the public

• there were more professional practice issues

Describe the sixth and final period of sport psychology

• growth worldwide

• diverse research

• interest in application & consulting

scientific method in regards to what science is

science is a process, or method of learning about the world through the systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical filtering of knowledge acquired through experience

the scientific method dictates a _________ ______ to studying a question

systematic approach

the scientific method involved _________ of conditions

control

the scientific method is ________ which means it is based on observation

empirical

the scientific method is _________, meaning that it involves rigorous evaluation by the researcher and other scientists

critical

theory

set of interrelated facts that present a systematic view of some phenomenon in order to describe, explain, and predict its future occurrences

social facilitation theory

the presence of others can either improve or worsen an individual's performance on a task, depending on the task's complexity and the individual's familiarity with it

study

investigator observes or assesses factors without changing the environment in any way

studies have limited ability to identify what scientists call ________ _______ between factors

causal (cause and effect)

determining causal relationships is the main advantage that conducting _________ has over conducting _______

experiments

studies

experiment

investigator manipulates the variables along with observing them and then examines how changes in one variable affect changes in others

experimental group

a group of participants who receive the specific intervention or treatment being studied

control group

a standard for comparison that does not receive the treatment or intervention being studied

unbiased data

data or facts that speak for themselves and are not influenced by the scientist’s personal feelings

sometimes scientific knowledge is reductionistic, but what does that mean?

because it is too complex to study all the variables of a situation simultaneously, the researcher may select isolated variables that are of the most critical interest

internal validity

the extent to which a research study establishes a trustworthy cause-and-effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables, minimizing alternative explanations for the observed effects

external validity

the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other populations, settings, times, and variables

qualitative data

data collected through interviews with an individual, focus groups, or observations and is typically nonnumerical in nature

quantitative data

is numerical in nature and involves survey responses, objective measures of physical responses, or field observations

professional practice knowledge

knowledge gained through experience

professional practice knowledge comes from many sources like these:

(think of 6 examples)

• scientific method

• systematic observation

• single case study

• shared public experience

• introspection

• intuition

introspection

the examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes

systematic observation

a structured and organized method of data collection where researchers carefully observe and record specific behaviors or phenomena according to a pre-defined plan

case study

in-depth examination of a specific unit of analysis, such as organizations, individuals, or events, to gather qualitative or quantitative data through various methods like interviews, questionnaires, and observations

shared public experience

an event or activity that a group of people participate in together, creating a sense of community and shared identity

intuition

the ability to understand something instinctively, without the need for conscious reasoning

RE-AIM model

outlines five factors that interact to affect knowledge transfer

what 5 factors does the RE-AIM model include

1. reach (who the program affects, the degree to which the program affects the target audience)

2. efficacy (positive and negative outcomes of the program)

3. adoption (who actually uses the completed program)

4. implementation (assessment of whether the program is delivered as specified)

5. maintenance (sustaining the program over time)

draw out the re-aim model

scientifically derived source of knowledge

strengths:

limitations:

strengths:

• highly reliable

• systematic/controlled

• objective/unbiased

limitations:

• reductionistic

• conservative

• slow to evolve

• lack of focus on external validity

professional practice source of knowledge

strengths:

weaknesses:

strengths:

• holistic

• innovative

• immediate

weaknesses:

• less reliable

• lack of explanations

• more biased

the _____ of coaching focuses on the use of general principles

the ___ of coaching is recognizing when and how to individualize these general principles

science

art

sport and exercise psychologists with a psychophysiological orientation believe what

the best way to study behavior during sport and exercise is to examine the physiological processes of the brain and their influences on physical activity

social-psychological orientation

behavior is determined by a complex interaction between the environment (especially the social environment) and the personal makeup of the athlete or exerciser

cognitive-behavioral orientation

emphasizes the athlete’s or exerciser’s cognitions or thoughts and behaviors and believe that thought is central in determining behavior

visually how can we separate characteristics of personality

personality

the sum of the characteristics that make a person unique

psychological core

• the most basic level of your personality

• includes: attitudes, values, interests, motives, beliefs about yourself and your self-worth

• “the real you”

typical responses

the ways we each learn to adjust to the environment or how we usually respond to the world around us

role-related behavior

• how you act based on what you perceive your social situation to be

• most changeable as your perceptions of the environment change

what are the 6 major ways to study personality

1. psychodynamic approach

2. trait approach

3. situation approach

4. interactional approach

5. phenomenological approach

6. integrative or biopsychosocial approach

what is the first approach of the psychodynamic approach

• unconscious determinants of behavior

  • id (instinctive drives)

• and how they conflict with conscious aspect of our personality

  • superego (one’s moral conscience)

  • ego (the conscious personality)

id stands for

instinctive drives

superego

one’s moral conscience

ego

the conscious personality

what is the second approach to psychodynamic approach

focuses on understanding the persona as a whole rather than identifying isolated traits or dispositions

trait approach

• assumes that the fundamental units of personality (its traits) are relatively stable

• personality traits = enduring and consistent across a variety of situations

the trait approach which dominated the early study of personality DOES NOT consider the ________ __________ that might also influence an individual’s behavior

particular situations

the big 5 model of personality

5 major dimensions of personality exist

what are the 5 major dimensions of personality

(NEOAC)

1. Neuroticism versus emotional stability

2. Extraversion versus introversion

3. Openness to experience

4. Agreeableness

5. Conscientiousness

Neuroticism

• nervousness

• anxiety

• depression

• anger

extraversion

• enthusiasm

• sociability

• assertiveness

• high activity level

openness to experience

• originality

• need for variety

• curiosity

agreeableness

• amiability

• altruism

• modesty

conscientiousness

• constraint

• achievement

• striving

• self-discipline

situation approach

argues that behavior is determined largely by the situation or environment

• uses social learning theory

social learning theory

explains behavior in terms of observational learning (modeling) and social reinforcement (feedback)

interactional approach

considers the situation and person as co-determinants of behavior (variables that together determine behavior)

• referred to as personality-environment fit model

personality-environment fit model

the interactional model suggests that an individuals’s personality traits are manifested and shaped in different environments

perfectionism definiton

a personality style characterized by setting extremely high standards of performance, striving for flawlessness, and a tendency to be overly critical in evaluating one’s performance

what is the difference between - (bad vs good) - maladaptive/unhealthy perfectionism and adaptive/healthy perfectionism - especially with what was found in the study

bad:

• focus on high standards

• concern over mistakes & evaluation by others

• excessive exercise

• poor performance

• athlete burnout

good:

• focus on high standards

• NOT excessively worrying about mistakes & evaluation by others

• better learning & performance

• more adaptive goal patterns

situations alone are not enough to predict behavior _______; an individual’s ________ _____ must also be considered

accurately

personality traits

what 3 questions do researchers use during an interactional approach

1. will extroverts perform better in a team situation and introverts in an individual situation?

2. will highly motivated people adhere to a formal exercise program longer than exercisers with low motivation?

3. will self-confident children prefer competitive sport and youngsters with low self-confidence prefer noncompetitive sport situations?

phenomenological approach

says behavior is best determined by accounting for both situations and personal characteristics

integrative or biopsychosocial approach

argues that the mission of those who study personality is to understand the '“whole person” and an integrative framework that considers the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors is needed to truly understand one’s personality

we should consider both ______ and ________ traits in order to understand and predict behavior

situations

psychological

what are the ways we can measure personality

1. trait and state measures

2. situation specific measures

3. sport specific measures

situation-specific measures

predict behavior more reliably for given situations because they consider both the personality of the participant and the specific situation (interactional approach)

sport-specific measures of personality

predict behavior in sport settings better than general personality tests do

what are three examples of sport-specific measures?

• sport competition anxiety test (measures competitive trait anxiety)

• competitive state anxiety inventory (measures pre competitive state anxiety)

• trait state confidence inventory (measures sport confidence)

intraindividual approach

focuses on examining changes and patterns within a single individual across different situations or time points, rather than comparing them to others

mental health model

model suggests that positive mental health as assessed by a certain pattern of POMS (profile of mood states) scores is directly related to athletic success and high levels of performance

____ can help identify an athlete’s psychological strengths and weaknesses, and this information can be used to develop appropriate training in psychological skills

tests

______ behavioral patterns apparently can be altered through exercise, and this can reduce the risk of CVD

type A

exercise and increased levels of fitness appeared to be associated with increases in ___ _______, especially among individuals initially low in self-esteem

self-esteem

olympic medalists, unlike non medalists, internalize their strategies to the extent that they react _________ to adversity.

automatically

motivation

direction and intensity of one’s effort

direction of effort

whether an individual seeks out, approaches, or is attracted to certain situations

3 approaches to motivation

1. trait-centered orientation or view

2. situation-centered orientation or view

3. interactional orientation or view