Thrust PPL ground 12 stage 2

VOR navigation, nav logs

pilotage

flying by visual landmarks

dead reckoning

flying by calculations (time, speed, and distance)

for a nav log, pick points that are ____ away from each other

20-25nm

where do you get VFR nav logs?

dispatch shelf

nav log courses are measured in true or magnetic north?

true—it’s written

dashed line longgg magenta straight line on foreflight

isogonic line (west is best, east is least)

true course route, _______ from the isogonic line

add or subtract (west is best, east is least)

initial altitude on nav log is

2000

far out bravo shelf is at ____ft

4000

anytime you climb or descend, you need to re-write your _______

calibrated/true airspeed

don’t forget to subtract 3 from true airspeed because…

we don’t have wheelpan’s

don’t forget to subtract 4 from true airspeed because…

we use AC

76 indicated airspeed is _____calibrated for climbs

78

always slash out the ______ column, because we don’t have compass deviation cards

magnetic deviation

ETE

estimated time en route

VOR stands for

very high omnidirectional range

describe a VOR

ground based nav, need line of sight, looks like a sombrero.

Can be combined with DME and/or TACANs

Can you tune into a TACAN?

no—they operate on ultra high frequencies that our planes won’t pick up. For military only

VOR hexagon with three rectangles

TACAN (the ticks)

VOR with a box around it

VOR/DME

VORS operate between

108.0Mhz to 117.95Mhz

VORS are oriented to

magnetic north

VORs send out

stationary master signal (reference)

rotating variable signal (variable)

VOR compares variable and reference signals to…

determine aircraft’s bearing in reference to station

what’s the indication that you’re receiving the VOR station?

triple T and green on your screen

flying a radial is flying (to/from) station

from (separated arrows on HSI)

flying a bearing is flying (to/from) station

to (stacked arrows on HSI)

where do you find VOR service volumes/altitudes?

AIM 1-1-8

navigating

draw a line along radial until it intersects with intended point. it works if you put two fingers down on the iPad foreflight sectional

if you twist the OBS (omnibearing directional selector), it will change to either ______or ______

TO, FROM

reverse sensing

how six pack OBS calculates things. Sensitive to your mistakes

trick to tell where your plane is?

cover up the to/from, cover up something else? I forgot…

t/f: a “radial” could actually refer to a bearing

true

VOR triangulation

uses 2+ VORS, determine radial you are on from VOR, draw a line from VOR through compass rose on that radial. Repeat with another VOR. Where lines intersect is where you are

VOR course deviation

if you are on the right, your needle is left, if you are to the left, your needle is right

does the VOR system sense the aircraft’s heading?

no!

cone of confusion

VOR error when you are directly above VOR station, causing the CDI needle to fluctuate (shimmy dance)

if the To-From flag goes blank you are either

having a complete failure or directly over VOR

Ground VOR check

+-4 error

Airborne VOR check

+-6 error

where do you find info on VOT checks?

in chart supplement

VOT check error margin

+-4

Dual VOR check error range

+-4 error deflection range

bench test

VOR removed from aircraft, it is plugged into machine and tested, tolerance is zero

Distance measuring equipment

DME, gives distance info to VOR/DME or VORTAC, measures round trip time of signal exchange to compute distance. Line of sight and slant range

DME receivers are popular or almost obsolete?

almost obsolete. More common in mountains

Does DME account for heigh above ground?

yes

slant range line means

diagonal 3d, so line of sight isn’t disrupted by buildings

we have 31 satellites, how many are observable from anywhere?

5

GPS needs how many satellites?

3 for 2d, 4 for 3d

GPS enables

RNAV

RAIM

receiver autonomous integrity monitoring

uses 5th satellite to ensure a stable connection and monitors for discrepancies.

Always check to see if receiver has ___ capabilities

RAIM

RAIM detects

faults

six satellite RAIM offers

fault exclusion (kicks out bad satellite)

if RAIM is lost, how do you know if your GPS is accurate?

you don’t

you need how many satellites for RAIM fault detection?

5

we need 4 satellites for fault detection if have a

baro-aided altimeter (super accurate)

we need __ satellites for exclusion and fault detection if we have a

5

WAAS

wide area augmentation system. Uses lots of GPS satellites. Those satellites use atomic clocks to send errors to ground station for correction. Then sent to master station, then up-link station, then UPS sends it to aircraft. Corrects for clock and position errors

GPS offers

waypoints, direct course, CDI, DME function, nav data, direct course

how to calculate magnetic variation in VDMONA (variation)

use the plus/minus

how to fix magnetic dip

wants to dip towards poles, fix with counterweights (counter-balance it!!!!)

magnetic oscillation (compass error) is associated with

turbulence, 180 degree turns

magnetic fluid is called

KEROSENE!!!!! (magnetic compass fluid)

Where do you find performance limitations?

in the POH

If youre in turbulent conditotions, how fast can you fly?

125 (Vno, smooth air max), because of positive limit load factor

why do you stall at lower speeds in steep banks?

because youre losing your vertical component of lift

Go to GFA map for

wind barbs, metar data, legend (you have to click on it)

on a GFA map, a red area is a

convective sigmet (they last 2 hours), windspeeds greater than 50 knots, extreme precipitation, hail and tornadoes,

hail forms during updrafts, mature, or dissipating stage?

EATSHIT

Embedded thunder

Hail

??? (look it up)

Tornadoes

maroon lines on surface analysis chart are called

isobars (areas of similar pressure, pressure gradients)

why do winds want to flow along isobars?

lack of surface friction, coriolis effect, path of least resistance

at surface winds flow parallel or perpindicular to isobars?

perp, because of surface friction

warm fronts description

less dense, slow moving, showery steady drizzle, bad visibility, IFR

cold fronts description

intense, heavy precipitation, fast moving dense air, good visibility because the air moves quickly, bad weather, convective weather

outflow boundary

marks the leading edge of cool, dense air spreading out from a thunderstorm's downdraft

warm occluded front is more dangerous because it creates

embedded thunderstorms. so much instability created because it’s cold/warm/cool

what’s an occluded front

a cold air mass catching up to a warm air mass

stationary fronts linger for how many days?

3-5

low pressure is associated with

bad weather activity, like convectivity, cumulus clouds, potential energy wanting to breakkk

low pressure moves

upwards, inwards, and counterclockwise

3 ingredients for a thunderstorm

moisture, uplifting action, unstable air

high pressure moves

downwards, clockwise, outwards

high pressure characteristics

poor visibility (moves downwards), clouds are all pushed together

high pressure kind of precipitation and cloud?

light, stratus (long blanket clouds)

bolded milibars on a surface analysis chart?

verrry specific to that area

unbolded milibars

pressure for that general area

milibars sea pressure

1013.25

outflow boundary

behind or after some kind of cold or warm front. Flows into OUTFLOW boundary, all that leftover potential energy has the potential to create new frontal activity (leftovers can be dangerous)

the lake effect

warm, moist air coming from lake, and the minute it hits the air you get dumped with snowww