MPQ 13: Self-awareness, empathy, and fairness

When rats were given anti-anxiety medication, they no longer helped their cage-mate out of a tube-trap. What appears to be an evolutionary incentive for some empathetic responses?

A. personal distress

B. empathy

C. fear

D. anxiety

A. personal distress

Dogs, wolves, crows, ravens, rats, capuchins, chimps, macaques, & marmosets are some of the animals that display Inequity Aversion. What does that imply?

A. All animals avoid all inequity

B. Morals are from higher order thinking and entirely culturally based

C. A sense of right and wrong may be a biologically based adaptation to manage reciprocity in some highly social species

D. It implies nothing. No animal knows when it is being treated unfairly compared to another.

C. A sense of right and wrong may be a biologically based adaptation to manage reciprocity in some highly social species

Inter-group conflict is made worse by

A. mentalizing

B. emotions

C personal distress

D. intra-group empathy

D. intra-group empathy

When elephants revisit "burial" sites of elephants they were close to and show visible distress, these behaviors most directly indicate which capacity?

A. Affective empathy

B. Cognitive empathy

C. Cooperative breeding

D. Classical conditioning

B. Cognitive empathy

A Raven who steals from other Ravens will wait and go back to re-hide their food if another Raven sees them cache it. What might this be evidence of?

A. Theory of Mind

B. Intelligence

C. Manipulation

D. Cognitive Empathy

A. Theory of Mind

Why is rejecting human and animal similarity a greater problem than the assumption of it? In other words: Why might it be better to anthropomorphize?

A. It is entertaining

B. It aids learning and never leads to bias anyway.

C. Rejecting our similarity stands in the way of a frank assessment of who we are as a species.

D. Animals should not be anthropomorphized under any circumstance.

C. Rejecting our similarity stands in the way of a frank assessment of who we are as a species.

Some social animals reject unfair outcomes — a behavior called

A. Delayed Fitness

B. Selfishness

C. Non-cooperation

D. Inequity Aversion

D. Inequity Aversion

What is animal empathy?

A. It is a form of emotional contagion and perspective taking

B. It is nonexistent

C. It is irrelevant to animal behavior

D. It is unique to primates

A. It is a form of emotional contagion and perspective taking

What does Theory of Mind refer to in comparative cognition research?

A. The ability to distinguish oneself from others using a mirror

B. Using memory to predict future outcomes in a social group

C. Understanding that others have independent mental states, beliefs, or intentions

D. Responding to another’s emotional distress with prosocial behavior

C. Understanding that others have independent mental states, beliefs, or intentions

If a person does not have yawn contagion, what does research indicate about their empathy?

A. People who do have yawn contagion are more likely to score higher on empathy measures.

B. People who do not have yawn contagion are more likely to score higher on empathy measures.

C. nothing; they are not related

D. People who do not have yawn contagion are more likely to score lower on empathy measures.

D. People who do not have yawn contagion are more likely to score lower on empathy measures.

What is the mirror test, passed by many animals (including a fish), give evidence of?

A. Inner States

B. Higher Cognition

C. Sociality

D. Self awareness

D. Self awareness

Differences in human affective empathy account for variance in

A. perspective taking

B. kindness and sharing

C. parental behaviors

D. cheater detection

B. kindness and sharing

What is the role of empathy in altruism?

A. Empathy may be the main proximate mechanism underlying altruism

B. Empathy plays a minimal role

C. Empathy can hinder altruistic behavior

D. Altruism is not connected to empathy

A. Empathy may be the main proximate mechanism underlying altruism

Which statement best distinguishes cognitive empathy from affective empathy?

A. There is no distinction between cognitive and affective empathy.

B. Cognitive empathy relies on mirror neurons; affective empathy depends on planning.

C. Cognitive empathy involves sharing another’s feelings; affective empathy involves understanding them.

D. Cognitive empathy involves mentalizing another’s perspective; affective empathy involves emotional contagion.

D. Cognitive empathy involves mentalizing another's perspective; affective empathy involves emotional contagion.