renal system ppt (1)

What are the main functions of the urinary system?

Excretion, elimination of waste, water balance, regulation of pH and body fluid composition, and production of erythropoietin and renin.

What is the role of the kidneys in the urinary system?

The kidneys filter blood and form urine.

What is the renal capsule?

A layer of fibrous connective tissue covering the kidneys.

Where is urine collected in the kidneys?

In the renal pelvis, located in the interior region of the kidneys.

What are the main organs of the urinary system?

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

What is glomerular filtration?

The process of filtering small molecules from the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule.

What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule?

Reabsorption of nutrients and water from the glomerular filtrate back into the bloodstream.

What is the significance of the loop of Henle?

It establishes a countercurrent multiplication mechanism to concentrate urine.

How does ADH affect water reabsorption in the kidneys?

ADH makes the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts more permeable to water, increasing water reabsorption.

What is micturition?

The process of urination, involving the contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the external urethral sphincter.

What is the normal specific gravity range of urine?

1.001 to 1.035.

What does the presence of glucose in urine indicate?

Possible glycosuria, which may suggest issues like diabetes mellitus.

What is a common abnormal constituent of urine that indicates infection?

Leukocytes, which indicate pyuria.

What is renal autoregulation?

The mechanism by which the juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in response to sodium levels.

What condition may cause hematuria?

Hematuria may be caused by glomerulonephritis, hemolytic anemia, or urinary tract infections.

Define diuresis.

Increased production of urine.

What is the role of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

It regulates blood pressure and GFR by secreting renin.

What are ketones in urine indicative of?

Ketonuria may indicate certain infections or metabolic issues.

Why is urine typically yellow?

Due to urochrome pigments, a byproduct of bile metabolism.

What does the presence of albumin in urine indicate?

Albuminuria, which may be due to kidney infection or damage.

Explain the process of tubular secretion.

The active transport of unwanted substances from the peritubular capillaries to the renal tubules for excretion.

What is osmolarity?

A measure of solute concentration in a solution.

What do nephron loops do?

They assist in the concentration of urine through the countercurrent multiplication mechanism.

How is urine transported from the kidneys to the bladder?

Via the ureters.

What is the function of the urinary bladder?

To store urine until micturition.

What structure allows urine to exit the body?

The urethra.

What is the main component of urine?

Water, making up about 95% of its composition.

What would high levels of protein in urine indicate?

Possible kidney damage or disease.

What does a normal urine color indicate?

Typically light yellow to amber, indicating hydration status.

What role does aldosterone play in the kidneys?

It promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion, influencing blood pressure.

What is the definition of anuria?

The absence of urine production.

What is the role of the collecting duct in the urinary system?

It adjusts the final concentration of urine through water reabsorption.

How does the urinary system help regulate blood pressure?

By adjusting blood volume through fluid excretion and renin release.

What conditions can result in polyuria?

Diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, or excessive fluid intake.

What is the function of the detrusor muscle?

To contract and expel urine from the bladder.

What does the term 'proteinuria' refer to?

The presence of excessive protein in urine.

What does the renal corpuscle consist of?

The glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.

What is the effect of caffeine on the urinary system?

It acts as a diuretic, increasing urine production.

What can cause ketonuria?

Conditions such as uncontrolled diabetes or starvation.

What is the purpose of urine tests in medicine?

To diagnose various health conditions through analysis of urine composition.

What can the presence of nitrates in urine indicate?

Possible urinary tract infection.

What is the primary role of the renal tubules?

To reabsorb water, ions, and nutrients from the filtrate.