Translation & Proteins Chapter 14

What two components work together to impact transcription efficiency in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

trans-acting factors, and cis-acting factors

Proteins

polypeptide chains consisting of amino acids that have been encoded by codons on the mRNA sequence 

what is translation

the process by which proteins are generated

translation links what

our understanding of genotype and phenotype

The alpha chain of eukaryotic hemoglobin has 141 amino acids, what is the min number of nucleotides in an mRNA coding for this peptide chain

426 (141×3 + 3) 

ribosomes

The “workbench” of translation

how many ribosomes in a single cell (bacteria)

10,000

What is a monosome

large SU + small SU

what does the small SU do

decodes the mRNA

what does the large SU do

synthesizes the peptide bond

what is rDNA

Part of the middle repetitive DNA fraction of the genome 

What is tRNA & its function

The link between mRNA codons and amino acids

how big are tRNAs

75-90 nucleotides in mature form and are initial transcribed as longer precursors

what causes the tRNA to contain modified bases

post transcriptional modification

Shape of tRNA

Cloverleaf model due to base pairing. 

Anticodon

consecutive ribonucleotides that are complementary to and can base pair with codons 

the first position in tRNA is called what

the Wobble position

what is charging or aminoacylation

the process of loading tRNA molecules with their amino acids

what is aminoacyl tRNA synthétases

the enzyme that loads the tRNA

what is the isoacceoting tRNA

tRNA that is recognized by specific aminoacyl tRNA synthétases (~340 tRNA genes)

Disease related to genetically defective aminoacyl tRNA 

spinal muscular atrophy, mutation in glycol-tRNA synthétase 

are coding sequence and coding strand the same thing

no- one is DNA and the other is RNA and what is about to be transcribed.