ESS Topic 3 (8)

Landfill

A disposable waste site, waste is buried between layers of dirt

Incineration

Burning waste so only ashes, gas, and heat remain

Incineration cons

Harmful emissions, very costly

Composting

The decomposition of biodegradable materials to return nutrients to soil

E-waste

Toxic chemicals from electronics, seep into environment and contaminate

Ester Boserup beliefs

1. humans have the technological resources to increase natural resources

2. increase in population stimulates change in agriculture techniques so food can be produced

Thomas Malthus beliefs

1. population grows exponentially and doubles every 25 years

2. food supply limits population size

3. food supply and population crossing each other leads to catastrophe

Underpopulation

More resources available than people

Overpopulation

Too many people in comparison to resources

Optimum population

A pop where quality of life is maximized with minimal environmental impact

Carrying capacity

The maximum pop that an environment can sustain indefinitely without degradation

Supporting services

Maintain the conditions for life on earth

Supporting services examples

soil formation, nutrient cycling

Cultural services

Contributes to the development and advancement of people

Cultural services example

recreation, education

Regulating services

Benefits obtained by regulating ecosystems

Regulating services examples

decomposition, water purification, erosion

Provisioning services

Extracted from nature

Provisioning services examples

Fruit, veggies, trees, fish

Stage 1 DTM

1. high and variable birth and death rates

2. population growth fluctuates

Stage 2 DTM

1. high birth rate

2. death rate rapidly drops

3. rapid pop growth

Stage 3 DTM

1. birth rate drops

2. death remains low

3. pop growth continues slowly

Stage 4 DTM

1. birth and death rates remain low

2. pop growth fluctuates

Stage 5 DTM

1. birth is lower than death

2. pop declines

MEDC examples

Switzerland, Norway, Hong Kong

LEDC examples

Haiti, Chad, Angola

Doubling time

70/NIR

Natural Increase Rate

crude birth rate - crude death rate / 10

Total population change

(births+immigration)-(deaths+emigration)

Factors affecting death rates

Food supply, water, sanitation, housing, environmental conditions

Factors affecting birth rates

education, government policies, economy, need for children

As GDP increases, birth rate

decreases

Crude death rate

deaths per 1000 people

Crude death rates formula

numver of deaths per year/total pop x 1000

Total fertility rate

Average births per women of child-bearing age

Crude birth rate

births per 1000 people

CBR formula

Total number of births/total pop x 1000