AP U.S. History Periods 1 and 2 (1491-1754)

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Encomienda

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

Casta System

A system in colonial Spain of determining a person's social importance according to different racial categories.

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory

Bartalomé de las Casas

Defends the Indians; was known to be humane and sensitive, and as a priest he was ahamed of how his people treated the Natives.

Pueblo Revolt

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Acoma Revolt

Unsuccessful; put down by Juan de Omate and Apache; Cut off right feet of men

Spanish Armada

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.

Chattel Slavery

Absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person.

Great Horse Dispersal

Horses rapidly spread from the south into the northern Rockies and central plains.

American Paradox

the contemporary situation where we have material abundance co-occurring with social recession and psychological depression

Bacon's Rebellion

Falling tobacco prices, rising taxes, and crowds of landless freed servants sparked Bacon's Rebellion. Bacon organized a rebel group to terrorize Indians.

William Berkeley

A Governor of Virginia, appointed by King Charles I, of whom he was a favorite. He was governor from 1641-1652 and 1660-1677. Berkeley enacted friendly policies towards the Indians that led to Bacon's Rebellion in 1676.

Landless Poor

growing number of urban people without much money

Societies with Slaves

Slavery is one of many types of labor, not central to the economy; Social + cultural structures not dependent on master - slave relationship

Slave Societies

Totally dependent on slave labor, social and cultural structure based on master - slave relationship

The Iroquois

A later native group to the eastern woodlands. They blended agriculture and hunting living in common villages constructed from the trees and bark of the forests

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

Indentured Servitude

Enabled a person to pay fro passage to America by promising to work for a fixed number of years (a contract).

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Slave Codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

Stono Rebellion

a 1739 uprising of slaves in South Carolina, leading to the tightening of already harsh slave laws

Olaudah Equiano

An antislavery activist who wrote a famous account of his enslavement.

Dale's Laws

a set of laws written for the Jamestown colony in 1611, Written by Sir Thomas Dale, created an authoritarian government system in the colony. Established a single ruling group that held control. Punishments were rather harsh.

Headright System

To generate an agricultural economy, the Carolina proprietors awarded land grants to every male immigrant who could pay for passage across the Atlantic.

Tobacco

Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown

Virginia Slave Laws

Set up laws regarding slaves born into servitude, the punishments slaves can receive at the hands of their master, and prevented them from being protected in court: 1643 placed a tax on labor of African American women, bondage of mother and children became normal

Massachusetts Bay Charter

Provided the method by which inhabitants of the Massachusetts Bay Colony practiced self-government.

General Court of Massachusetts

the representative assembly of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"

Anne Hutchinson

Quarreled with Purtian leaders for many reasons. She was a strong-willed wife of a merchant.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa.

Salem Witchcraft Trials

trials in Salem Massachusetts in 1691, that led to the deaths of twenty people after young girls charged people with practicing witchcraft.

Barbados

The island was an English and later a British colony from 1625 until 1966. Sugar cane cultivation in Barbados began in the 1640s, which saw the increasing importation of black slaves from West Africa.

Cash Crop Agriculture

Agricultural production, crops planted specifically to sell on the market and to export to make a profit.F

Subsistence Agriculture

Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family

Plantations

Huge farms that required a large labor force to grow crops

Scots Irish Immigrants

Scottish Presbyterians who emigrated Ireland in search of religious freedom and nonrestricted soil

German Immigrants

Settled in the rural Midwest and Texas.
Many were farmers and craftsmen.
Many were well-educated and helped start the system of universal education in the United States.

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Pennsylvania Frame of Government

The Frame of Government of Pennsylvania was a proto-constitution for the Province of Pennsylvania.

German Town Protests

1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery." It articulated themes of justice and equality that would be echoed throughout the long, painful period of slavery in America

New Netherlands

A colony founded by the Dutch in the New World. It became New York.

Peter Stuyvesant

The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.

Women's Work

Typically centered on activities in the house, garden, and fields.

Coverture

All income and property a woman brought into a marriage became the property of her husband.

Taverns

Central gathering place in town.

The Urban Web

a complex organizing structure that exists primarily in the space between buildings. Each building encloses and shelters one or more human activity nodes.

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

Yankeedom

Founded by Puritans, residents in Northeastern states and the industrial Midwest tend to be more comfortable with government regulation. They value education and the common good more than other regions.