Chemistry year 10

Understand the Periodic Table Periods and Groups

• Periods/rows tell you how many electron shells an atom has 

• Groups/columns tells you the valence electrons except helium which has 2 despite it’s group 

What’s the max electron configuration?

Electrons fill from inside shells out with max configuration being 2, 8, 8, 2 

Calculate the number of protons, neutrons & electrons from the atomic & mass numbers

• neutrons = Atomic number

• electrons = Atomic number

• Protons = Mass number – atomic number

Know how to draw the Bohr Models (electron shell diagrams) for atoms of the first 20 elements and ions 

• Max Bohr model configuration – 2, 8, 8, 2 

• Write the element in the middle then draw the electron shells around it with the electrons on them.

Draw Lewis Diagrams (Electron Dot Diagrams) for atoms of the first 20 elements and all ions. 

Draw the element in the middle and then draw only the valence shell surrounding it in dots.

What does bonding aim to achieve? 

Bonding aims to achieve a full valence shell and a neutral charge 

What is a Monatomic ion?

A monatomic ion forms when a single atom gains or loses electrons in order to become stable. 

What is a polyatomic ion?

A polyatomic ion is a group of two or more atoms bound together that acts as a single unit and have an overall charge. 

What is ionic bonding?

^{The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.}

You use the ion’s charge to see how many extra or less electrons it has.

Then you swap and drop the charges and take the electrons from the atom with extra and give it to the one with less to result in a full outer shell for both ions.

What does ionic bonding occur between.

Ionic bonding occurs between metals and non metals.

What is covalent bonding?

Covalent bonding occurs when 2 non metal atoms share electrons in order to achieve a full outer shell.

Don’t write the atom’s charge.

You put the current valence electrons around each element but then you look at the electrons needed to complete the valence shell and put those electrons from the other element in the middle so they contribute to both valence shells.

What does covalent bonding occur between?

2 non metal atoms

Detemine covalent bonding naming

• Instead of charges covalent bonding uses prefixes in the names to tell you how many atoms are present. 

How do you write a chemical equation?

A chemical equation shows a chemical reaction 

Reactant → product

The final product must have the same amount of each atom on both sides.

Polyatomic ions to remember?

Hydrochloric acid =HCL

Iodide = I-

Hydroxide= OH-

Nitrate= NO3-

Oxide = O2-

Sulfide = S2-

Carbonate = CO3²-

Sulfate = SO4²-

Nitride = N3-

Phosphide = P3-

Phosphate = PO4³-

Ammonium = NH4+

Nitric Acid = HNO3

Sulfuric Acid = H²SO4

What are the 4 states of matter.

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Aqueous

What are the properties of acids.

• They’re sour 

• They’re corrosive – burn the skin 

• Have at least 1 hydrogen ion 

• Conduct electricity 

• Turn blue litmus paper red 

What are the properties of bases.

• Tastes bitter  

• has soapy feel 

• Can release hydroxide ions 

• Conduct electricity 

• Turn red litmus paper blue 

What is a salt?

salt is a compound that contains a metal ion (from the base) & a non-metal ion (from the acid)  

Understand the pH scale and the Indicators that can determine acidity or basicity 

• Lower PH = more acidic 

• Higher PH = more basic 

• Universal indicator turns it the colour on the PH scale to tell you how acidic or basic it is 

• If blue litmus paper stays blue its a base 

• But if it turns red its an acid 

• If red litmus stays red its an acid 

• But if it turns blue its a base 

What happens in an acid and base reaction?

acid +base → salt + water

• Also known as a neutralization reaction 

• Temperature increases 

• Usually no precipitate or gas is produced when the salt remains soluble 

• Indicator changes colour 

What happens in an acid and metal reaction?

Acid + metal → salt + hydrogen gas

• Bubbling/fizzing (because hydrogen gas is produced) 

• Metal may dissolve or get smaller 

• Temperature may increase 

What happens in an acid and carbonate reaction?

acid +carbonate → salt +water +carbon dioxide

• Fizzing/bubbling → CO₂ gas is produced 

• The solid carbonate may get smaller/dissolve 

• The solution may warm up 

Define precipitation

Precipitation is the formation of an insoluble solid from two solutions. 

What is a precipitation reaction?

A precipitation reaction is a reaction where two aqueous solutions react and form an insoluble solid.

What is an ion?

An atom that has gained or lost electrons, resulting in a positive or negative charge.

What is a cation and anion?

Anion - A negatively charged ion.

Cation - A positively charged ion.

What is a compound?

A pure substance made containing particles made up of 2 or more different atoms bonded together.

What is neutralisation?

The reaction between an acid and a base.