Solar radiation captured with photovoltaic cells that convert light energy to electrical energy.
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Break-of-bulk point
A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.
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Bulk-gaining industry
An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.
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Bulk-reducing industry
An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.
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Cottage industry
Manufacturing based in homes rather than in factories, most common prior to the Industrial Revolution.
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Demand
The quantity of something that people wish to consume and are able to buy.
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Fission
The splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy.
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Fossil fuel
An energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago.
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Fusion
Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium.
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Geothermal energy
Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks.
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Just-in-time delivery
Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed.
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Labor-intensive industry
An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.
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Maquiladora
A factory built by a U.S. company in Mexico near the U.S. border, to take advantage of the much lower labor costs in Mexico.
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New international division of labor
Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less-skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.
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Nonrenewable energy
A source of energy that has a finite supply capable of being exhausted.
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Outsourcing
A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.
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Ozone
A gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation and is found in the stratosphere, a zone 15 to 50 kilometers (9 to 30 miles) above Earth's surface.
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Point-source pollution
Pollution that enters a body of water from a specific source.
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Air pollution
Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air.
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Pollution
Concentration of waste added to air, water, or land at a greater level than occurs in average air. water. or land.
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Post-fordist production
Adoption by companies of flexible work rules. such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks. .
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Potential reserve
The amount of a resource in deposits not yet identified but thought to exist.
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Proven reserve
The amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits.
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Recycling
The separation, collection, processing, marketing, and reuse of unwanted material.
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Remanufacturing
The rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused. repaired and new parts.
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Renewable energy
A source of energy that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by people.
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Right-to-work law
A U.S. law that prevents a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join the union as a condition of employment.
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Sanitary landfill
A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from the decaying trash, to minimize fires, and to discourage vermin.
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Site factors
Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant, such as land, labor, and capital.
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Situation factors
Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.
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Supply
The quantity of something that producers have available for sale.
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Vertical integration
An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process.
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Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.
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Sunbelt
States in the south and southwest that have a warm climate and tend to be politically conservative.
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Fordist production
Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.
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Variable costs
Costs that vary with the quantity of output produced and level of production.
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Offshore
With reference to production, to outsource to a third party located outside of the country.
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Deindustrialization
Process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment.
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Technopole
Centers or nodes of high-technology research and activity around which a high-technology corridor is sometimes established.
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Agglomeration
Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources.
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Deglomeration
The dispersal of an industry that formerly existed in an established agglomeration.
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Friction of distance
A measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between two places.
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Distance decay
The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.
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Least Cost Theory
Model developed by Alfred Weber according to which the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration.
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Locational interdependence
Theory that industries choose locations based on where their competitors are located.
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Primary industrial regions
Western and Central Europe; Eastern North America; Russia and Ukraine; and Eastern Asia, each of which consists of one or more core areas of industrial development with subsidiary clusters