world history - medieval europe - unit 8

medieval europe unit 8 flash cards - copied from teacher because I was lazy :)

byzantine empire

• former eastern roman empire

• capital city at constantinople

• promoted a brilliant civilization, blending ancient greek, roman, and christian traditions with Mediterranean customs

justinian

byzantine emperor known for his written law code and the building of the hagia sophia

justinian’s code

simplified & organized the previous roman law system, helping to unify the byzantine empire (example of codified law system)

constantinople

captial city of the byzantine empire, named for the roman emperor who founded it

the hagia sophia

• immense, arching, ornate, domed church in constantinople

• justinian had it rebuilt following its destruction in 532

medieval

• the time between the ancient and modern worlds

• harsh & difficult time for the people of europe, as the continent adjusted from the disorder and loss of roman rule

feudalism

• social/political system that existed in europe during the middle ages

• people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and the use of land in return.

manorialism

• economic system in medieval europe

• rural society was arranged around a manor house/castle on an estate. within the estates, serfs worked the land in return for protection and the right to work a separate piece of land for their own basic needs.

charlemagne

• the grandson of Charles Martel; built an empire covering France, Germany, and part of Italy

• pope named him "emperor of the romans", placing a crown on his head on christmas day in 800

agricultural revolution

the emergence (during the medieval period) of new techniques for farming, such as the iron plow, a plow harness for horses, and the development of the three-field system.

commercial revolution

the emergence (during the medieval period) of new ways of doing business, including banking, business partnerships, insurance, and new ways of handling money.

middle class

• merchants, traders, and artisans

• a new social status between nobles and peasants

guilds

associations representing workers in one occupation, who made rules to protect product quality, set work hours, and set fair prices

apprentice

age 7 or 8, a child would become this, a trainee to a guild master, spending 7 years learning the trade

journeymen

paid workers who had completed an apprenticeship, and could now earn income from their trade on their own

nation-state

independent political unit that has a single government and usually shares a common culture and history.

the magna carta

• also known as the "Great Charter"

• a landmark document signed by king john of england which set limits on the power of the monarchy

the sacraments

the sacred rites of the church

secular

non-religous

papal supremacy

idea that the pope could claim authority over secular rulers, in addition to ruling over the papal states

excommunication

• penalty for breaking church law

• being cut off from the church and all sacraments

interdict

if a noble opposed the Church, they could face this, which would ban everyone in their lands from the Church.

saint francis of assisi

a wealthy italian who gave up his wealth to preach and do good works; founded the Franciscan order of Friars.

antisemitism

prejudice against jewish people

the great schism

• permanent split between eastern and western christianity

• byzantine church becomes the eastern orthodox Church

• western Church becomes the roman catholic church

the crusades

series of 9 (mostly unsuccessful) religious wars launched by the roman catholic church over 200 years, with the goal of recapturing the holy land from the seljuk turks.

the holy land

area of land surrounding and including the city of jerusalem.

scholasticism

• medieval approach to learning

• stated that reason, logic and faith can exist together, and that reason and logic will eventually lead to the same truth as faith

• that god rules over an orderly universe

• followers believed that learning is done to lead one to greater understandings about eod.

romanesque

• early medieval architecture known for solid stone buildings with roman influences

• a "fortress" look, with few, tiny windows that made the interior dark and dimly lit

gothic

medieval architecture known for flying buttresses, high, thin walls, stained glass, and allowing in lots of light.

illumination

medieval practice of decorating/enhancing texts with painted decoration or illustrations, sometimes in gold or silver

black death/bubonic plague

deadly disease that swept through europe around 1350.

thomas aquinas

famous medieval scholastic scholar who wrote "summa theologica" - stated that faith and reason exist in harmony because both lead to the truth that god rules over an orderly universe.

dante alighieri

Medieval author of the divine comedy - the story of a soul's journey through hell, purgatory, and into heaven.

geoffrey chaucer

medieval author of the canterbury tales - a collection of the stories told by a varied group of religious pilgrims on their way to the shrine at canterbury.

western church beliefs

• pope head of church

• priests can’t marry

• latin is the language of the church

• emphasis on christmas

• open to new philosophical ideas

• faith in bible

• the scaraments

• most holy day is easter

byzantine church beliefs

• emperor controls church

• priests can marry

• Greek is the language of the church

• less emphasis on church

• use of icons for prayer

• focused on tradition interpretations

• faith in bible

• the sacraments

• most holy day is easter