Intro to Anatomy & Physiology

nervous system

system that detects stimuli, processes information, and coordinates rapid responses using the nerves, brain, and spinal cord

endocrine system

system that contains glands that releases hormones into the blood

cardiovascular system

system where the heart & blood vessels circulate blood, delivering oxygen and nutrients & removing wastes

lymphatic system

system that helps fight infection, returns fluid to the bloodstream, and supports immune defenses

reproductive system

system that produces gametes, and supports reproduction; meiosis produces the sex cells for this system

digestive system

system that breaks food down so nutrients can be absorbed and used by the body

organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

levels of organization (smallest to largest)

epithelial tissue

makes up skin, lining of internal pathways, and glands

connective tissue

makes up bone, cartilage, and blood; connects organs together

muscular tissue

movement of skeleton, beating of heart, movement of food through digestive system

nervous tissue

conducts electrical impulses through the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

cranial cavity

contains the brain

vertebral cavity

contains the spinal cord

dorsal body cavity

contains the cranial and vertebral cavities; located on the back (posterior) side of the body

ventral body cavity

largest body cavity; contains thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities

thoracic cavity

located in the chest; includes pleural cavities, pericardial cavity, and mediastinum

pleural cavities

surrounds the lungs

pericardial cavity

surrounds the heart

mediastinum

central region between the lungs that contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and major blood vessels

diaphragm

separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

abdominal cavity

contains many digestive glands and organs, including the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, most of the large intestine, and kidneys

pelvic cavity

contains urinary bladder, rectum, and internal reproductive organs

superior

towards the head/above

inferior

towards the feet/below

anterior (ventral)

toward the front of the body/in front of

posterior (dorsal)

toward the back of the body/behind

medial

toward the midline

lateral

away from the midline

proximal

closer to the point of attachment to trunk

distal

farther from the point of attachment to trunk

superficial

closer to body surface

deep

further from body surface

median (midsagittal) plane

divides body into equal left and right halves

frontal (coronal) plane

divides body into anterior and posterior halves

transverse (horizontal) plane

divides body into superior-inferior halves

parietal serosa

outermost serous membrane layer; lines the wall of a body cavity

serous fluid

a thin layer of lubricating fluid between the membranes

visceral serosa

innermost serous membrane layer; covers surface of an organ

semipermeable membrane

membrane that allows some substances to pass while blocking others (everyday ex. a screen door)

adenine (A)

pairs with thymine (T) in DNA, and uracil (U) in RNA

guanine (G)

pairs with cytosine (C) in DNA and RNA

thymine (T)

pairs with adenine (A) in DNA and RNA

replace each base with its partner.

Finish the sentence: To find a complementary strand DNA strand...

transcription

the process of copying information from DNA into mRNA; occurs in nucleus

translation

the process of using an mRNA message to build an amino acid chain; occurs at ribosomes

mitosis

somatic (body) cells divide once into two daughter cells to grow and repair most body tissues; chromosome number maintained

meiosis

reproductive cells divide twice into four daughter cells to produce gametes (sex cells); chromosome number reduced by half

passive transport

substances move from high concentration to low concentration WITHOUT cellular energy

simple diffusion

type of passive transport; small molecules move directly through the membrane from high to low concentration

facilitated diffusion

type of passive transport; molecules move from high to low concentration through protein channels or proteins

osmosis

type of passive transport; diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

active transport

substances move from low concentration to high concentration WITH cellular energy

maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth

8 major life functions

maintaining boundaries

keeping the internal and external environments separate (ex. skin preventing bacteria from entering the body)

movement

changing position or moving substances within the body (ex. skeletal muscles allowing body movement)

responsiveness

detecting and reacting to stimuli (ex. flinching when something is thrown at you)

digestion

breaking down food for absorption (ex. nutrients from food being absorbed into the blood)

metabolism

chemical reactions that provide energy or build needed substances (ex. glucose being combined to form glycogen for storage)

excretion

removing metabolic wastes from the body (ex. the kidneys removing waste in urine)

reproduction

producing offspring or new cells (ex. a cat having kittens)

growth

increase in size or cells (ex. mitosis producing more cells as a person grows)

anatomy

the study of body structures and their relationships

physiology

the study of how body structures function

a-

not, without

-ation

process, condition

-cyte

cell

-dynia, -algia, alge(si)

pain

hydro-

water

-itis

inflammation of

-ism

condition

macro-

large

meta-

beyond

micro-

small, tiny

-ology

the study of

-osis

abnormal condition

phys-

to grow

-scopy

viewing of

therm-

heat, temperature

homeostasis

the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite any changes

negative feedback

reverses or reduces the original stimulus; most common feedback loop in the body

stimulus

a change in the internal or external environment (ex. blood glucose levels rising)

receptor

a structure that detects change (ex. chemoreceptors detecting imbalance of blood glucose levels)

control center

the part of the body that receives information and decides how to respond (ex. pancreas responding to rising glucose levels)

effector

a muscle or gland that carries out the response (ex. insulin being produced after your pancreas responds to rising glucose levels)

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

3 types of passive transport