GEOL 104 Final - not fossils

fossils are here https://knowt.com/flashcards/78a37ecf-a7ed-4e4c-9200-2d5b93dffa12

Coastal Plain

Low elevation, flat landscape. Recent, mostly unconsolidated sediments. Major river systems

Piedmont

Rolling hills, the “foot of the mountains”. Consolidated rock units. Fall Line, contains Triassic rift basins.

Triassic Rift Basins

Downfaulted blocks (grabens) from being pulled apart when breaking Pangea

Blue Ridge

Mountains made of igneous/metamorphic rocks. Oldest rocks in VA from Grenville Orogeny 1 billion yrs old.

Valley and Ridge

Intensely deformed (folded/faulted) rock units. Lots of limestone, cave systems. Valleys are made of low resistance limestone and shale, Ridges are made of high resistance sandstone.

Allegheny Plateu

Flat-lying/horizontal strata at high elevations. Too far west/inland to be deformed

Anticline (like an ant crawling along)

Syncline (sinking towards hell, the home of SINNING)

Normal Fault

Reverse Fault

First Virginia Orogeny

Grenville (Galactic Takeoff! Actual Aliens!)

Second Virginia Orogeny

Taconic (Galactic Takeoff! Actual Aliens!)

Third Virginia Orogeny

Acadian (Galactic Takeoff! Actual Aliens!)

Fourth Virginia Orogeny

Alleghanian (Galactic Takeoff! Actual Aliens!)

K-Pg Mass Extinction. When, How?

Cretaceous/Paleogene, ~66 Ma. Asteroid hit near Yucatan Peninsula. ~75% species extinct

Homologous structures

From a common ancestor for different functions

Analogous structures

Evolved separately for the same function

Nautiloid (Never Grate Cheese Awfully)

Ceratitic (Never Grate Cheese Awfully)

Goniatitic (Never Grate Cheese Awfully)

Ammonitic (Never Grate Cheese Awfully)

Coiled which way?

Sinistral

Coiled which way?

Dextral

What did whales evolve from?

Artiodactyls (even toed ungulates)

Pakicetidae

first whale, semi aquatic, freshwater. Around India and Pakistan. Had involucrum in ear.

Ambulocetidae

Walking whale, freshwater and brackish. Transitional species. India and Pakistan

Remingtonocetidae

shrunken forelimbs, coastal marine. India, Pakistan, and Egypt

Protocetidae

capable of swimming across oceans, not fully aquatic, go on land for birth.

Basilosauridae

Long whales. First fully marine. Have tail flukes.

Mysticeti

Baleen whales, filter.

Odontoceti

Toothed whales