period 1 apush

When did corn originate?

2000 BC, Mexican hunter-gatherers developed it from a wild grass

When and how did corn change the course of history?

5000 BC, nomadic hunting bands settled and built agriculturally-based villages

nation state

dense concentration of population

Which culture constructed intricate irrigation systems to water their cornfields?

Pueblo

Who discovered North America around 1000 and where did they land?

the Norse, L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland

Why did the Norse leave their North American settlements?

no expansion-thirsty nation-state supported them

When and where did Christopher Columbus land in the New World?

October 12, 1492 in the Bahamas

What was Europe's motivation for finding the New World in the late 1400s?

• they were looking for a cheaper route to get luxury items (spices, silks, perfumes, drugs, sugar) from the East

• Christian crusaders didn't want worldwide Islamic domination, didn't want to pay tolls at Muslim trading posts in the Middle East on their journey home from the Far East

Why did Portugal already know about Northern Africa?

it bordered the Mediterranean Sea

What two items did Portugal set up trading posts along the west coast to acquire?

gold and slaves

How did slave brokers prevent slaves from banding together and starting a resistance?

kidnapped slaves from tons of different villages (language barrier) and purposefully sold slaves from enemy bands together (wouldn't get along)

How were the Caribbean Islands the origins of the plantation system?

slaves were brought in by the thousands to run the large-scale commercial farms

mercantilism

• wealth is based on how much gold your country owns

• exporting more goods than you import to create a favorable balance of trade

three sister farming

beans growing on trellis of cornstalks and squash covering the planting mounds

What led to high population density among the Creek, Choctaw, and Cherokee peoples?

rich and nutritious diet thanks to three sister farming

Why were conquistadores still in abundance after the Spanish Reconquista?

men were still obsessed with status and honor, regarded manual labor and commerce with contempt

What were some reasons conquistadores were willing to come to America?

gold, God's favor, escaping dubious pasts, adventure

Who helped make Spain the dominant exploring and colonizing power in the 1500s?

conquistadores

Pangea

supercontinent making up all of Earth's land

How is Pangea's past existence proved?

nearly identical species of fish swim in different freshwater lakes around the globe

caravel

ship that could sail more closely into the wind

Why was the caravel so beneficial for the Portuguese?

they didn't have to depend on currents or pray for the wind to help them move, made it much easier to sail north up the coast of Africa after journeying south, sub-Saharan Africa is now open for business

capitalism

economic system based on competition in a free market, credit, and cooperation

How did New World gold and silver change the European economy?

• swelled vaults of bankers: foundations of the modern commercial banking system

• made merchants rich: stimulated spread of commerce and manufacturing

• paid for burgeoning int'l trade with Asia (metals were the one thing they kinda needed from Europe, already had everything else)

Columbian Exchange

exchange of plants, animals, crops, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds

What did the Columbian Exchange initiate?

explosion of global commerce

What were some of the key participants of the Columbian Exchange?

tobacco, sugar, corn, beans, tomatoes, potatoes, cattle, swine, horses, slaves, disease

encomienda

grant of authority over Indians in an area given to Spaniards by the king and queen, colonists had to Christianize the Indians and the Indians had to serve and pay tribute to the colonists (glorified slavery)

Tenochtitlán

Aztec capital, 300,000 inhabitants over 10 square miles, metropolis was an island in the middle of a lake connected by causeways and supplied with fresh water by aqueducts, rivaled cities in Europe

St. Augustine, FL

Spanish fortress built in 1565

What is special about St. Augustine?

it's the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in the U.S.

What purpose did St. Augustine serve?

blocked the French and protected the Spanish sea lanes to the Caribbean

Anasazis

• desert dwellers of the southwest

• built an elaborate pueblo of 600 interconnected rooms at Chaco Canyon in modern-day New Mexico

What was Cahokia and how was it sustained?

• a Mississippian settlement near St. Louis, home to 25,000 people

• corn planting

Pueblos

• Rio Grande valley

• intricate irrigation systems to water cornfields, villages of multistoried, terraced buildings

Aztecs

super sophisticated civilization, elaborate cities and far flung commerce, offered human sacrifices to appease the gods

When were the Aztecs conquered and by whom?

August 13, 1521; Hernán Cortés

How did Cortes defeat the Aztecs?

two translators, superior fire power, and allied with unhappy Aztecs and Indians to conquer the rest

Francisco Pizarro

conquered the Incas in 1532

Moctezuma

Aztec chieftain

How did Cortes and the Spanish enter Tenochtitlán so easily?

Moctezuma was very superstitious, believed Cortes was the god Quetzalcoatl and allowed him in unopposed

Hernando de Soto

explored up the Mississippi River from 1539-1542, brutally treated Indians and was killed by them

Juan Ponce de León

explored Florida in 1513 and 1521, realized it's not an island

Ferdinand Magellan

circumnavigated the globe in 1519-1522, killed in Philippines

Malinche

Indian slave who knew Mayan, Nahuatl, and Spanish, translated for Cortes and baptized with the name Dona Marina

Francisco Coronado

traveled through Arizona and New Mexico up to Kansas, discovered the Grand Canyon and buffalo herds from 1540-1542

Vasco Nunez Balboa

discovered the Pacific Ocean and claimed Panama for Spain in 1513

Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille

king and queen of Spain, united Spain with their marriage, ready to outstrip the Portuguese and gain wealth for Spain

Battle of Acoma

1599, Don Juan de Oñate and the Spaniards cut off one foot of each Pueblo survivor

Pope's Rebellion

1680, caused by Roman Catholic missionary efforts to suppress native religious customs, Pueblo rebels destroyed every Catholic church in the province, killed priests and hundreds of Spanish settlers, rebuilt a kiva on the ruins of the Spanish plaza

Noche Triste

June 30, 1520, Aztecs had had enough and drove the Spanish out of Tenochtitlán (temporarily)

Treaty of Tordesillas

1494, split New World between Spain and Portugal (Spain got most of the New World, Portugal got Brazil and territory in Africa and Asia)

Mound builders

Known for building mounds for burial, religions, and defensive purposes; Ohio River Valley

Anasazi

Ancestors to Pueblo; built interconnected rooms; Mississippi River

Cahokia

City named after them; large settlement and population size; modern day Mexico

population decline in 1300 AD

Drought, disease, raiders by nomadic tribes

Iroquois

Created their own constitution for peace and protection from outsiders