Section 2, Conundrum 6, William and Mary Cognitive Psychology

Supermemory

what did Oleson’s 2004 fMRI study find?

increased activity in the prefrontal and parietal cortex with WM training

what did Salmi’s 2018 brain network study find?

activity changes reflect redistribution of brain activity within existing WM networks rather than reorganization and recruitment of additional neural resources

What are some of the best study techniques according to cognitive psychologists?

• elaborative interrogating

• self-explanation

• summarization

• practice testing

• imagery

• interleaved practice

What are mnemonics?

technique or strategy used for improving the memorability of items

What are examples of mnemonics for LTM?

pegword and method of loci

What is the pegword mnemonic?

replace number with word

What is the Method of Loci mnemonic

use route to locate objects

Who came up with the Levels of Processing theory?

Craik & Lockhart

Which theory does this go with?

Levels of Processing Theory

Who has the forgetting curve?

Ebbinghaus

What is Retrograde Interference?

(List B interferes with List A)

What is Proactive Interference?

(List A interferes with List B)

Ebbinghaus found memory advantage of _____ practice in 1885

spacing

Research by Cordi & Rasch suggests what about sleep’s effects on memory

they are not robust

What did Godden and Baddeley find in their underwater vs on land memory study?

better recall when retrieval context matches encoding context

Repeated ____ facilitates learning (Carpenter 2008, McDaniel 2007)

testing

Kahana and Howard found a _____ effect when looking at recollection of massed vs spaced lists

spacing

Most forgetting happens when?

In the first hour after learning

Notes are more likely to be verbatim when taken

with a computer

Who tested handwritten vs computer notes?

Mueller and Oppenheimer

Is there a difference in test results for computer vs handwritten notetakers?

no

Written note takers had superior test score for what?

conceptual information

Research done at William and Mary disputes this Andrade claim

doodling is beneficial for retention

Melby-Lervag and Hume on which two aspects of WM in 2013?

visual-spatial and verbal

_______ training effects on verbal WM (left) and visual-spatial (right) is quite good

Immediate

_______ training effects on verbal WM (left) and visual-spatial (right) is not as good

Delayed

_______ training effects on verbal WM (left) and visual-spatial (right) is not good at all

Immediate far-transfer

Who coined the term “meta-analysis”

Glass

What is meta-analysis used for?

measuring the size of an effect

What is the surge in meta-analysis partly driven by?

the ‘replication crisis’

What did Maguire (2003) find in the MRI and fMRI study overall?

Superior memory participants performed better than control group on recognition tasks

What did Maguire (2003) find in the MRI specific part of the study with superior vs control memory subjects?

no difference in brain structures

What did Maguire (2003) find in the fMRI specifc part of the study with superior vs control memory subjects?

differences in brain activity for the medial parietal cortex, retrosplenial cortex, and the right posterior hippocampus.

What is a potential flaw in the 2003 Maguire study?

these areas may just reflect mnemonic use

in the 2003 Maguire study, 9/10 superior memory subjects used which mnemonic?

“method of loci”