Campbell AP Biology Chapter 51

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Biology

12th

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49 Terms

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behavioral ecology
the study of behavior from an ecological perspective
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behavior
The instinctive or learned actions that an organism takes in response to internal and external stimuli.
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proximate question
In animal behavior, an inquiry that focuses on the environmental stimuli, if any, that trigger a particular behavioral act, as well as the genetic, physiological, and anatomical mechanisms underlying it.
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ultimate question
In animal behavior, an inquiry that focuses on the evolutionary significance of a behavioral act.
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ethology
the branch of zoology that studies the behavior of animals in their natural habitats
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fixed action pattern
A sequence of behavioral acts that is essentially unchangeable and usually carried to completion once initiated.
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imprinting
a learning process in early life whereby species specific patterns of behavior are established
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kinesis
a movement that is a response to a stimulus but is not oriented with respect to the source of stimulation
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pheromones
odorless chemicals that serve as social signals to members of one's species
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habituation
a very simple type of learning that involves a loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no information
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cognitive map
a mental representation of the layout of one's environment.
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associative conditioning
the ability of animals to associate one feature of the environment with another
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classical conditioning
conditioning that pairs a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that evokes a reflex
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operant conditioning
conditioning in which an operant response is brought under stimulus control by virtue of presenting reinforcement contingent upon the occurrence of the operant response
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cognitive ethology
the study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals
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optimal foraging theory
The basis for analyzing behavior as a compromise of feeding costs versus feeding benefits, anticipating that animals will attempt to maximize energy obtained as a function of time and/or eneergy spent
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promiscuous
a mating relationship wherein each individual mates with multiple other individuals, and forms no exclusive pair bond
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monogamous
a mating relationship wherein one male and one female mate only with each other
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polygyny
one male with many females
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polyandry
one female with many males
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agonistic behavior
A type of behavior involving a non-lethal contest of some kind that determines which competitor gains access to some resource, such as food or mates
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game theory
The theory that studies decision making in situations in which one player anticipates the reactions of other players to its own actions. Firms are mutually interdendent.
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inclusive fitness
The sum of an individuals own reporductive success plus the effects the organism has on the reproductive success of related others.
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coefficent of relatedness
equals the probability that if two individuals share a common parent or ancestor, a particular gene present in one individual will also be present in the second individual
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Hamilton's rule
Natural selection favors altruism when the benefit to the recipient multiplied by the coefficent of relatedness exceeds the cost of the altruist.
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kin selection
A phenomenon of inclusive fitness, used to explain altruistic behavior between related individuals; i.e. an individual's alleles may benefit more from that individual sacrificing itself for its kin than by selfishly saving itself
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reciprocal altruism
Altruistic behavior between unrelated individuals, whereby the current altruistic individual benefits in the future when the current beneficiary reciprocates.
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social learning
form of learning in which the organism observes and imitates the behavior of others
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sociobiology
the branch of biology that conducts comparative studies of the social organization of animals (including human beings) with regard to its evolutionary history
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sign stimulus
An external sensory cue that triggers a fixed action power by an animal.
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migration
A regular, long-distance change in location.
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signal
In animal behavior, transmission of a stimulus from one animal to another.
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communication
In animal behavior, a process involving transmission of, reception of, and response to signals.
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innate behavior
Animal behavior that is developmentally fixed and under strong genetic control. Innate behavior is exhibited in virtually the same form by all individuals in a population despite internal and external environmental differences during development and throughout their lifetimes.
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cross-fostering study
A behavioral study in which the young of one species are placed in the care of adults from another species
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twin study
A behavioral study in which researchers compare the behavior of identical twins raised apart compared with that of identical twins raised in the same household.
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learning
The modification of behavior based on experiences.
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sensitive period
A limited phase in an animal's development when learning of particular behaviors can take place; also called a critical period.
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spatial learning
The establishment of a memory that reflects the environment's spatial structure.
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associative learning
The acquired ability to associate one environmental feature (such as color) with another (such as danger).
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cognition
The process of knowing that involves awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgement.
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problem solving
The cognitive activity of devising a method to proceed from one sate to another in the face of real or apparent obstacles.
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culture
A system of information transfer through social learning or teaching that influences the behavior of individuals in a population.
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foraging
The seeking and obtaining of food.
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optimal foraging model
The basis for analyzing behavior as a compromise between feeding costs and feeding benefits.
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polygamous
Referring to a type of relationship in which an individual of one sex mates with several of the other.
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mate choice copying
Behavior in which individuals in a population copy the mate choice of others, apparently as a result of social learning.
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altruism
Selflessness; behavior that reduces an individual's fitness while increasing the fitness of another individual.
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coefficient of relatedness
The fraction of genes that, on average, are shared by two individuals.