Chapter 2 : Basic Chemistry

Atom Structure, Combining Atoms, Chemical RXNs

what is matter?

anything that takes up space and has mass

made up of atoms

why do atoms join together?

to form chemicals with different characteristics

what do chemical characteristics determine in terms of A&P?

determines physiology at molecular and cellular level

what is the charge and mass unit of a proton?

positive charge, one mass unit

what is the charge and mass unit of a neutron?

neutral charge, one mass unit

what is the charge and mass unit of an electron?

negative charge, low mass

what does the electron cloud determine?

reactivity of an atom

which shell in the electron cloud determines bonding?

valence shell

what are the ways chemicals bond with each other?

sharing, gaining, and losing electrons

what are the types of chemical bonds?

ionic bonds

covalent bonds

hydrogen bonds

what are ionic bonds?

bonds with electric charges; donate electrons and involves a metal and nonmetal

what are covalent bonds?

bonds involving sharing electrons; one electron is donated by each atom to make electron pairs

involves single, double, and triple _ bonds

what are the two types of covalent bonds?

nonpolar : equal sharing

polar: unequal sharing because one atom has a stronger pull (electronegativity)

what are hydrogen bonds?

weak polar bonds between adjacent molecules based on electrical attractions

involves attraction between slight positive and slight negative charge

what do H2O molecules cause due to its hydrogen bonding?

surface tension; H2O molecules want to stick together

what are examples that disrupts hydrogen bonding?

soap and bugs

what is “like dissolves like”?

polar solutes dissolves in polar solvents

nonpolar solutes dissovles in nonpolar solvents

what are chemical reactions?

new bonds are formed or existing bonds are broken

what is metabolism?

total of chemical reactions occurring at one time

what type of reaction is catabolism?

decomposition reactions

what type of reaction is anabolism?

synthesis reaction

* a for adding

what is a dehydration synthesis reactions?

condensation reactions where one product is H2O

what are reversible reactions?

amounts of chemicals do not change even though reaction still occurs

what happens in reversible reactions when reactants are added or removed?

reaction rates adjust to reach new equilibrium

what are biochemical reactions?

occurs in cells and does not occur spontaneously

what is activation energy?

amount of energy needed to start a reaction

what are enzymes and why is it important for metabolism?

protein catalysts that lower activation energy of reactions

what are exergonic reactions?

catabolic reactions that release energy

what are endergonic reactions?

anabolic reactions that absorb energy

how much of the body’s total weight does H2O make up?

2/3 of body

what does water produce?

solutions : uniform mixtures of at least two substances

what are solvents and solutes?

solvents : liquid
solutes : dissolved substance

what are the chemical properties of water that make life possible?

universal solvent

high heat capacity

lubrication

properties of aqueous solutions

electrolytes and body fluids

hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds

why is water a universal solvent?

many molecules are water soluble

what is high heat capacity?

heat required to raise temperature of unit mass

why is water lubrication important?

moisten and reduce friction

what are the properties of aqueous solutions?

water is polar

inorganic molecules split into smaller molecules by water dissociation

ionization is dissociation into ions

what are electrolytes?

inorganic ions that conduct electriciy in solutions

why is electrolyte imbalance bad?

disrupts vital body functions and fatal because its how neurons communicate

are ions hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophilic

are fats and oils hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophobic