1/174
Looks like no tags are added yet.
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced |
---|
No study sessions yet.
Evidence-based interventions
therapeutic treatments designed with the best available research that also consider patients' unique needs and preferences (also knowns as Evidence-Based Practice)
Cultural humility
a practice of therapists who honor a patient's beliefs, customs, and values while being aware of their own limitations and biases
Therapeutic alliance
the bond of trust between a patient and therapist and their agreement to work together for the patient's well-being
Psychotropic medication
a drug that treats mental illness by altering the brain and nervous system's chemical balance
Decentralized treatment (deinstitutionalization)
the practice of moving people with mental health conditions from long-term psychiatric hospitals to community-based care (sometimes with poor results)
Nonmaleficence
the ethical principle of not causing intentional harm to a patient
Fidelity
a measure of how closely a psychotherapeutic treatment follows the intended method
Integrity
a characteristic of a therapist who is truthful, trustworthy, and upholds high standards of professionalism
Respect
protecting a patient's rights, dignity, and privacy and making them a partner in decision-making
Psychodynamic therapies
treatments that focus on unconscious mental processes (usually about past experiences) and how these influence current behavior
Free association
a method of exploring the unconscious in which a person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
Dream interpretation
the process of analyzing dreams to understand their meaning and uncover unconscious desires and conflicts
Cognitive therapies
treatments based on the theory that when a person changes their thoughts (as opposed to their behaviors), they can change how they feel and how they respond
Cognitive restructuring
a therapy that helps a patient: identify their negative or irrational beliefs, refute them, and modify them so they are adaptive and reasonable
Fear hierarchies
a form of exposure therapy to treat phobias in which a patient makes a list of feared situations ranked from least to most anxiety-provoking
Combating maladaptive thinking
the process of changing harmful thought patterns into more realistic ones
Cognitive triad
a person's negative thoughts about themselves, their world, and their future (which lead to feelings of depression according to cognitive therapists)
Applied behavior analysis
therapy that uses principles of conditioning to address mental
disorders and developmental disabilities
Exposure therapies
treatments for anxieties that safely expose people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid
Systematic desensitization
a treatment for phobias that gradually exposes a person to a feared stimulus while they are relaxed
Aversion therapies
treatments that pair a negative behavior with a negative stimulus to reduce or eliminate the behavior (also known as aversive conditioning or counter conditioning)
Token economies
a behavioral management technique that uses tokens to reward desired behaviors
Biofeedback
a technique that uses external devices to monitor a person's physiological state with the goal of controlling bodily functions to improve health
Cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT)
a therapy based on the idea that thoughts and behaviors reinforce each other and that changing these can make a person feel better
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
a CBT treatment that helps people learn to accept reality and manage their emotions and relationship skills
Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
a CBT treatment that that helps people identify self-defeating thoughts and feelings, challenge the nature of irrational and unproductive feelings, and replace them with healthier beliefs
Person-centered therapy
a treatment from the humanistic perspective that focuses on creating a supportive and non-judgmental environment for clients to help them develop self-acceptance and personal growth
Active listening
a crucial part of person-centered therapy in which the therapist closely listens then demonstrates that they understand through clarifying questions and feedback
Group therapy
treating several people with similar problems in regular meetings with a trained counselor or therapist
Hypnosis
a state of consciousness characterized by focused attention, increased suggestibility, and heightened mental relaxation used by therapists to treat pain and anxiety
Psychoactive medication
drugs that interact with specific neurotransmitters in the central nervous system to address possible biochemical causes of mental disorders
Antidepressants
psychoactive medications that alter the brain's use of neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine) to improve mood and behavior
Antianxiety drugs
psychoactive medications that slow down brain activity and increase serotonin levels to alleviate fear, dread, uneasiness, and muscle tightness
Lithium
a psychoactive medication used as a mood stabilizer (most commonly for bipolar disorder, mania, and depression)
Antipsychotic medications
psychoactive medications that are used to treat symptoms of psychosis, such as hallucinations and delusions
Tardive dyskinesia
a side effect of long-term use of traditional psychoactive medications in which people have uncontrollable movements, tremors, or spasms (related to the regulation of dopamine
in the nervous system)
Psychosurgery
surgical procedures on brain tissue that remove or disconnect nerve pathways to treat mental disorders
Lesioning
a form of psychosurgery involving the removal or destruction of part of the brain
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
a non-invasive intervention that uses magnetic fields to stimulate the brain (used for depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and other conditions)
Electroconvulsive therapy
a treatment that uses electric shock to induce a seizure in the brain most commonly for drug-resistant or severe disorders
Lobotomy
a now-rare psychosurgical procedure used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients by cutting the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain
Health psychology
the study of how physical health
and wellness apply to behavior and mental processes
Stress
a state of tension caused by any thought or event that makes someone feel frustrated, angry, or nervous (can lead to disorders and disease)
Hypertension
a combination of high blood pressure and high psychological stress (also known as high blood pressure)
Immune suppression
when the immune system is unable to respond to infections and diseases as well as it normally would (can be caused by stress)
Stressors
specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten their well-being
Eustress
a positive (motivating) stress response that can be beneficial to a person's well-being
Distress
a negative (debilitating) type of stress that can cause unpleasant feelings, anxiety, and decreased performance
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)
traumatic childhood experiences, such as abuse, neglect, violence exposure, or death of a parent, that are linked to mental and physical health problems later in life
General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
describes a three-stage process the body goes through when exposed to any kind of stress, positive or negative
Alarm reaction phase
the first stage of GAS when the body reacts to a stressor with protective processes (fight-or-flight response)
Flight-flight-freeze response
an involuntary, physical response to a sudden and immediate stressor that results in fight (facing a threat aggressively), flight (fleeing danger), or freeze (inability to move or act against a threat)
Resistance phase
the second stage of GAS when the body attempts to resist or adapt to the stressor through continued activation of physiological responses
Exhaustion phase
the second stage of GAS when the body has depleted its resources and is unable to cope with stress (often results in fatigue, lethargy, irritability, decreased eating or sleeping, depression, anxiety)
Tend-and-befriend theory
a theory that humans, especially females, cope with stressors by nurturing others and self (tending) and seeking social support (befriending)
Problem-focused coping
a technique that directly addresses a problem in order to eliminate or reduce its impact (actively working to change the situation that's causing stress)
Emotion-focused coping
a technique that manages negative emotions in response to a stressor, rather than trying to change the stressor itself (often used when the problem can't be changed or addressed)
Positive psychology
the study of human strengths and virtues which uses scientific principles to understand and improve human well-being
Well-being
a person's overall sense of happiness and satisfaction with their life, including how they feel and function in their personal and social lives
Resilience
the ability to adapt to challenging experiences, especially through behavioral, emotional, and mental flexibility as well as the ability to maintain well-being while facing adversity
Positive emotions
pleasant or desirable responses that range from interest and contentment to love and joy (indicating overall well-being and enhancing future growth and success)
Gratitude
a feeling of happiness and thankfulness in response to a gift, benefit, or fortunate happenstance
Positive subjective experiences
valued perceptions, emotions, and thoughts that are unique to each person such as gratitude, happiness, flow, contentment, and satisfaction
Subjective well-being
a person's evaluation of their overall happiness and life satisfaction
Signature strengths (virtues)
personality traits that are central to an individual and which produce positive outcomes for themselves and others
Positive objective experiences
observable aspects of well-being (e.g., happiness)
Happiness
a mental state of well-being characterized by positive feelings such as joy, contentment, fulfillment, and life satisfaction
Categories of virtues
the six classes of virtues (wisdom,
courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence) that are made up of 24 character strengths
Posttraumatic growth
the positive psychological change that some individuals experience after a life crisis or traumatic event
Dysfunction
a breakdown in a person's cognition, emotion, or behavior that indicates a significant issue with their psychological processes
Distress
a state of emotional suffering characterized by depression (e.g., loss of interest; unhappiness; desperateness) and anxiety (e.g., restlessness; feeling tense)
Deviation from the social norm
behavior significantly differing from societal expectations (cultures vary, so a universal set of social rules cannot be established)
Cultural/societal norms
shared beliefs, values, and behaviors that are expected of a society's members
Stigma
a negative social attitude towards a person's characteristic that is considered a physical, mental, or social deficiency
Racism
when a person or group is mistreated, disadvantaged, harassed, or degraded because of their ethnicity
Sexism
beliefs and behaviors that negatively evaluate people based on their gender, or that support unequal status between men and women
Ageism
prejudice, discrimination, or stereotyping of people based on their age
Discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
a reference book that provides a standardized guide for diagnosing mental health disorders
International Classification of Mental Disorders (ICD)
a global system published by the World Health Organization for classifying mental and physical health conditions, including mental and behavioral disorders
Eclectic approach
an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy that are tailored to a patient's needs
Behavioral perspective
proposes that the causes of mental disorders focus on maladaptive learned associations between or among responses to stimuli
Maladaptive learned associations
abnormal behaviors or cognitive processes that are a result of learning and go against social norms (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder)
Psychodynamic perspective
proposes that the causes of mental disorders focus on unconscious thoughts and experiences, often developed during childhood
Humanistic perspective
proposes that the causes of mental disorders focus on a lack of social support and being unable to fulfill one's potential
Cognitive perspective
proposes that the causes of mental disorders focus on maladaptive thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, or emotions
Evolutionary perspective
proposes that the causes of mental disorders focus on behaviors and mental processes that reduce the likelihood of survival
Sociocultural perspective
proposes that the causes of mental disorders focus on maladaptive social and cultural relationships and dynamics
Biological perspective
proposes that the causes of mental disorders focus on physiological or genetic issues
Biopsychosocial model
assumes that any psychological problem potentially involves a combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
Diathesis-stress model
assumes that psychological disorders develop due to a genetic vulnerability (diathesis) in combination with stressful life experiences (stress)
Neurodevelopmental disorders
a group of disorders with onset occurring during the developmental period with a focus on whether the person is exhibiting behaviors appropriate for their age or maturity range
Attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a neurodevelopmental disorder that makes it difficult for people to focus and control their actions
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social communication and interaction along with restricted and repetitive patterns in behaviors, interests, and activities
Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders
a serious mental illness characterized by incoherent or illogical thoughts, bizarre behavior and speech, and delusions or hallucinations, such as hearing voices
Delusions
a positive symptom on the schizophrenic spectrum involving false beliefs (may include delusions of persecution or grandeur)