Unit 5: Mental and Physical Health

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/174

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

175 Terms

1
New cards

Evidence-based interventions

therapeutic treatments designed with the best available research that also consider patients' unique needs and preferences (also knowns as Evidence-Based Practice)

2
New cards

Cultural humility

a practice of therapists who honor a patient's beliefs, customs, and values while being aware of their own limitations and biases

3
New cards

Therapeutic alliance

the bond of trust between a patient and therapist and their agreement to work together for the patient's well-being

4
New cards

Psychotropic medication

a drug that treats mental illness by altering the brain and nervous system's chemical balance

5
New cards

Decentralized treatment (deinstitutionalization)

the practice of moving people with mental health conditions from long-term psychiatric hospitals to community-based care (sometimes with poor results)

6
New cards

Nonmaleficence

the ethical principle of not causing intentional harm to a patient

7
New cards

Fidelity

a measure of how closely a psychotherapeutic treatment follows the intended method

8
New cards

Integrity

a characteristic of a therapist who is truthful, trustworthy, and upholds high standards of professionalism

9
New cards

Respect

protecting a patient's rights, dignity, and privacy and making them a partner in decision-making

10
New cards

Psychodynamic therapies

treatments that focus on unconscious mental processes (usually about past experiences) and how these influence current behavior

11
New cards

Free association

a method of exploring the unconscious in which a person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

12
New cards

Dream interpretation

the process of analyzing dreams to understand their meaning and uncover unconscious desires and conflicts

13
New cards

Cognitive therapies

treatments based on the theory that when a person changes their thoughts (as opposed to their behaviors), they can change how they feel and how they respond

14
New cards

Cognitive restructuring

a therapy that helps a patient: identify their negative or irrational beliefs, refute them, and modify them so they are adaptive and reasonable

15
New cards

Fear hierarchies

a form of exposure therapy to treat phobias in which a patient makes a list of feared situations ranked from least to most anxiety-provoking

16
New cards

Combating maladaptive thinking

the process of changing harmful thought patterns into more realistic ones

17
New cards

Cognitive triad

a person's negative thoughts about themselves, their world, and their future (which lead to feelings of depression according to cognitive therapists)

18
New cards

Applied behavior analysis

therapy that uses principles of conditioning to address mental

19
New cards

disorders and developmental disabilities

20
New cards

Exposure therapies

treatments for anxieties that safely expose people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid

21
New cards

Systematic desensitization

a treatment for phobias that gradually exposes a person to a feared stimulus while they are relaxed

22
New cards

Aversion therapies

treatments that pair a negative behavior with a negative stimulus to reduce or eliminate the behavior (also known as aversive conditioning or counter conditioning)

23
New cards

Token economies

a behavioral management technique that uses tokens to reward desired behaviors

24
New cards

Biofeedback

a technique that uses external devices to monitor a person's physiological state with the goal of controlling bodily functions to improve health

25
New cards

Cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT)

a therapy based on the idea that thoughts and behaviors reinforce each other and that changing these can make a person feel better

26
New cards

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

a CBT treatment that helps people learn to accept reality and manage their emotions and relationship skills

27
New cards

Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

a CBT treatment that that helps people identify self-defeating thoughts and feelings, challenge the nature of irrational and unproductive feelings, and replace them with healthier beliefs

28
New cards

Person-centered therapy

a treatment from the humanistic perspective that focuses on creating a supportive and non-judgmental environment for clients to help them develop self-acceptance and personal growth

29
New cards

Active listening

a crucial part of person-centered therapy in which the therapist closely listens then demonstrates that they understand through clarifying questions and feedback

30
New cards

Group therapy

treating several people with similar problems in regular meetings with a trained counselor or therapist

31
New cards

Hypnosis

a state of consciousness characterized by focused attention, increased suggestibility, and heightened mental relaxation used by therapists to treat pain and anxiety

32
New cards

Psychoactive medication

drugs that interact with specific neurotransmitters in the central nervous system to address possible biochemical causes of mental disorders

33
New cards

Antidepressants

psychoactive medications that alter the brain's use of neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine) to improve mood and behavior

34
New cards

Antianxiety drugs

psychoactive medications that slow down brain activity and increase serotonin levels to alleviate fear, dread, uneasiness, and muscle tightness

35
New cards

Lithium

a psychoactive medication used as a mood stabilizer (most commonly for bipolar disorder, mania, and depression)

36
New cards

Antipsychotic medications

psychoactive medications that are used to treat symptoms of psychosis, such as hallucinations and delusions

37
New cards

Tardive dyskinesia

a side effect of long-term use of traditional psychoactive medications in which people have uncontrollable movements, tremors, or spasms (related to the regulation of dopamine

38
New cards

in the nervous system)

39
New cards

Psychosurgery

surgical procedures on brain tissue that remove or disconnect nerve pathways to treat mental disorders

40
New cards

Lesioning

a form of psychosurgery involving the removal or destruction of part of the brain

41
New cards

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

a non-invasive intervention that uses magnetic fields to stimulate the brain (used for depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and other conditions)

42
New cards

Electroconvulsive therapy

a treatment that uses electric shock to induce a seizure in the brain most commonly for drug-resistant or severe disorders

43
New cards

Lobotomy

a now-rare psychosurgical procedure used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients by cutting the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

44
New cards

Health psychology

the study of how physical health

45
New cards

and wellness apply to behavior and mental processes

46
New cards

Stress

a state of tension caused by any thought or event that makes someone feel frustrated, angry, or nervous (can lead to disorders and disease)

47
New cards

Hypertension

a combination of high blood pressure and high psychological stress (also known as high blood pressure)

48
New cards

Immune suppression

when the immune system is unable to respond to infections and diseases as well as it normally would (can be caused by stress)

49
New cards

Stressors

specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten their well-being

50
New cards

Eustress

a positive (motivating) stress response that can be beneficial to a person's well-being

51
New cards

Distress

a negative (debilitating) type of stress that can cause unpleasant feelings, anxiety, and decreased performance

52
New cards

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)

traumatic childhood experiences, such as abuse, neglect, violence exposure, or death of a parent, that are linked to mental and physical health problems later in life

53
New cards

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

describes a three-stage process the body goes through when exposed to any kind of stress, positive or negative

54
New cards

Alarm reaction phase

the first stage of GAS when the body reacts to a stressor with protective processes (fight-or-flight response)

55
New cards

Flight-flight-freeze response

an involuntary, physical response to a sudden and immediate stressor that results in fight (facing a threat aggressively), flight (fleeing danger), or freeze (inability to move or act against a threat)

56
New cards

Resistance phase

the second stage of GAS when the body attempts to resist or adapt to the stressor through continued activation of physiological responses

57
New cards

Exhaustion phase

the second stage of GAS when the body has depleted its resources and is unable to cope with stress (often results in fatigue, lethargy, irritability, decreased eating or sleeping, depression, anxiety)

58
New cards

Tend-and-befriend theory

a theory that humans, especially females, cope with stressors by nurturing others and self (tending) and seeking social support (befriending)

59
New cards

Problem-focused coping

a technique that directly addresses a problem in order to eliminate or reduce its impact (actively working to change the situation that's causing stress)

60
New cards

Emotion-focused coping

a technique that manages negative emotions in response to a stressor, rather than trying to change the stressor itself (often used when the problem can't be changed or addressed)

61
New cards

Positive psychology

the study of human strengths and virtues which uses scientific principles to understand and improve human well-being

62
New cards

Well-being

a person's overall sense of happiness and satisfaction with their life, including how they feel and function in their personal and social lives

63
New cards

Resilience

the ability to adapt to challenging experiences, especially through behavioral, emotional, and mental flexibility as well as the ability to maintain well-being while facing adversity

64
New cards

Positive emotions

pleasant or desirable responses that range from interest and contentment to love and joy (indicating overall well-being and enhancing future growth and success)

65
New cards

Gratitude

a feeling of happiness and thankfulness in response to a gift, benefit, or fortunate happenstance

66
New cards

Positive subjective experiences

valued perceptions, emotions, and thoughts that are unique to each person such as gratitude, happiness, flow, contentment, and satisfaction

67
New cards

Subjective well-being

a person's evaluation of their overall happiness and life satisfaction

68
New cards

Signature strengths (virtues)

personality traits that are central to an individual and which produce positive outcomes for themselves and others

69
New cards

Positive objective experiences

observable aspects of well-being (e.g., happiness)

70
New cards

Happiness

a mental state of well-being characterized by positive feelings such as joy, contentment, fulfillment, and life satisfaction

71
New cards

Categories of virtues

the six classes of virtues (wisdom,

72
New cards

courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence) that are made up of 24 character strengths

73
New cards

Posttraumatic growth

the positive psychological change that some individuals experience after a life crisis or traumatic event

74
New cards

Dysfunction

a breakdown in a person's cognition, emotion, or behavior that indicates a significant issue with their psychological processes

75
New cards

Distress

a state of emotional suffering characterized by depression (e.g., loss of interest; unhappiness; desperateness) and anxiety (e.g., restlessness; feeling tense)

76
New cards

Deviation from the social norm

behavior significantly differing from societal expectations (cultures vary, so a universal set of social rules cannot be established)

77
New cards

Cultural/societal norms

shared beliefs, values, and behaviors that are expected of a society's members

78
New cards

Stigma

a negative social attitude towards a person's characteristic that is considered a physical, mental, or social deficiency

79
New cards

Racism

when a person or group is mistreated, disadvantaged, harassed, or degraded because of their ethnicity

80
New cards

Sexism

beliefs and behaviors that negatively evaluate people based on their gender, or that support unequal status between men and women

81
New cards

Ageism

prejudice, discrimination, or stereotyping of people based on their age

82
New cards

Discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

83
New cards

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

a reference book that provides a standardized guide for diagnosing mental health disorders

84
New cards

International Classification of Mental Disorders (ICD)

a global system published by the World Health Organization for classifying mental and physical health conditions, including mental and behavioral disorders

85
New cards

Eclectic approach

an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy that are tailored to a patient's needs

86
New cards

Behavioral perspective

proposes that the causes of mental disorders focus on maladaptive learned associations between or among responses to stimuli

87
New cards

Maladaptive learned associations

abnormal behaviors or cognitive processes that are a result of learning and go against social norms (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder)

88
New cards

Psychodynamic perspective

proposes that the causes of mental disorders focus on unconscious thoughts and experiences, often developed during childhood

89
New cards

Humanistic perspective

proposes that the causes of mental disorders focus on a lack of social support and being unable to fulfill one's potential

90
New cards

Cognitive perspective

proposes that the causes of mental disorders focus on maladaptive thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, or emotions

91
New cards

Evolutionary perspective

proposes that the causes of mental disorders focus on behaviors and mental processes that reduce the likelihood of survival

92
New cards

Sociocultural perspective

proposes that the causes of mental disorders focus on maladaptive social and cultural relationships and dynamics

93
New cards

Biological perspective

proposes that the causes of mental disorders focus on physiological or genetic issues

94
New cards

Biopsychosocial model

assumes that any psychological problem potentially involves a combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

95
New cards

Diathesis-stress model

assumes that psychological disorders develop due to a genetic vulnerability (diathesis) in combination with stressful life experiences (stress)

96
New cards

Neurodevelopmental disorders

a group of disorders with onset occurring during the developmental period with a focus on whether the person is exhibiting behaviors appropriate for their age or maturity range

97
New cards

Attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a neurodevelopmental disorder that makes it difficult for people to focus and control their actions

98
New cards

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social communication and interaction along with restricted and repetitive patterns in behaviors, interests, and activities

99
New cards

Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders

a serious mental illness characterized by incoherent or illogical thoughts, bizarre behavior and speech, and delusions or hallucinations, such as hearing voices

100
New cards

Delusions

a positive symptom on the schizophrenic spectrum involving false beliefs (may include delusions of persecution or grandeur)