Chapter 8-11

During the Covid-19 pandemic, Aarnik was able to listen to class lectures online. He has also read all the text chapters covered in the lectures. When it comes time for the final exam, he will be able to retrieve all the information needed to answer the questions. In being able to answer the questions, Aarnik is relying on his:

memory

Alzheimers disease begins with ___ and progresses to ____.

difficulty remembering new information; an inability to do everyday tasks

Krisha was walking down the street when she recognized a person who had been featured on a news program a few months ago. With her outstanding face-recognition ability, Krisha may be a(n):

super- recognizer

Jesse took Spanish classes during high school. Since it has been a few years since she spoke any Spanish, she doesn't remember much of what she learned. Now that she is in college and taking higher-level Spanish, she finds that it is all coming back to her and she is doing well in the class. This is directly related to:

relearning

Veda is walking through the city on her way to work. As she walks, her brain takes in information from all of her senses simultaneously, allowing her to navigate her environment safely and efficiently. This demonstrates

Parallel processing

Anabelle enjoys her psychology course and knows that Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalytic techniques. This is an example of a(n) memory.

semantic

Gabriela clearly remembers jumping rope at the school playground with her best friend as a child. This is an example of a(n)_____memory.

episodic

A brain’s frontal lobes and hippocampus play a role in the processing of ____ memories.

explicit

The cerebellum and basal anglia play an important role in the processing of _____ memories.

implicit

Kamal is surprised when he sees photos of himself at a family reunion at age 3, because he cannot recall thus event. This is due to:

infantile amnesia

Stress provokes the ___ to initiate a lastin physical change in the memory called _____.

amygdala; a memory trace

Emotional events produce tunnel vision memory, with the result that we focus our attention on _____ and reduce our recall of _____.

high-priority information; irrelevant details

Smells, tastes, and sights that can evoke our memory of the associated person or event are called:

retrieval cues

Pacho is remembering when he won first place at the science fair in sixth grade. His thoughts about the past are considered:

retrospective memory

Scuba divers who heard a list of words while 10 feet underwater or sitting on the beach later recalled more of the words if they were later tested in the same place where they first heard the list. This BEST illustrates:

The encoding specificity principle.

After learning that kicking would move a crib mobile, infants showed that they recalled this learning best if they were tested in the same crib. This BEST illustrates:

context- dependent memory.

After receiving the Employee of the Month Award at work, Kimeya is feeling great. On her walk home, she perceives everyone she passes as friendly, thinks positive thoughts about herself, and recalls several happy recent occasions with her family and friends. Kimeya’s experience BEST illustrates:

mood-congruent memory

The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as:

The serial position effect.

Karolina has been invited to interview for a job. The company is interviewing people on only one day. Karolina chooses the final time slot, figuring that the last candidate interviewed will be recalled most easily by the interviewer. Based on the serial position effect, Karolina’a assumption will be correct only if the interviewer plans to select the candidates:

immediately

Stella recently suffered a traumatic brain injury. Although she easily recalls her past, she has problems forming new memories. Stella’s memory difficulty illustrates:

anterograde amnesia

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating information are known as:

cognition

Duarte monitors his learning in his psychology class and evaluates what he understands and what he does not understand about the various topics. This is an example of :

metacognition

Three-year-old Dwayne has attended many birthday parties and family celebrations. When his parent brings him to their office and they pass a windowed room where a meeting is taking place, Dwayne points excitedly and says, "Look, a party!" Dwayne has clearly formed a(n)_ of party.

concept

Thomas Edison tried thousands of light bulb filaments before stumbling on one that worked. This demonstrates problem solving via:

Trial and error

When Zoltan is trying to figure out how to fit everything for his trip into a carry-on suitcase, he remembers his parent's rule for packing: "Bigger things on the bottom!" This demonstrates problem solving via:

the use of heuristics

The inability to solve the matchstick problem given in the text may be associated with:

an inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective

When we underestimate the time and money needed to prepare for a long trip, we are demonstrating:

the planning fallacy

If one can imagine a variety of ways to use a paper clip, they are demonstrating:

divergent thinking

Brenda is preparing to take the SAT test for college admission. This test requires:

convergent thinking

Camille was careful to avoid using sentences in which the words were not in the correct order in her essay, because she did not want to lose points for faulty:

Syntax

Krishna is experiencing aphasia after a stroke. Research has demonstrated that electrical stimulation of which brain area may help restore his speaking abilities

Brocas’s area

Linguistic relativism refers to the idea that:

language influences the way we think

Anya is very good at analyzing and solving complex math problems quickly. Anya's ability to reason speedily is known as:

Fluid intelligence

Thirty- year old Konstantin scores low on intelligence tests and has limited language ability. However, after briefly viewing a landscape, he can create a near-perfect drawing of what he has seen. It is likely that Konstantin has:

Savant syndrome

The know-how involved in understanding situations and managing oneself successfully is called:

Social intelligence

Nikola can easily recognize people's emotions by looking at their faces and listening to them speak. Based on this ability , Nikola is skilled at___ emotions.

Perceiving

Carlos is preparing to take a comprehensive final exam in his chemistry course. This exam is an example of a(n):

Achievement test

Rafael is taking a test to determine whether he is able to become a mechanical engineer. Rafael is taking a(n) ____ test.

Aptitude

Like height, which is predicted by nearly 10,000 known DNA sequences, intelligence:

is polygenic

Nikau, who teaches ninth-grade social studies, stresses to the students that the brain is like a muscle that grows stronger with use and rewards the students for effort rather than ability. Nikau is encouraging:

a growth mindset

Michelle has a profound desire to do well in her psychology class. She is experiencing:

motivation

Maya is 2 months old. When Maya's parent holds her, she roots for the breast or bottle. How would an evolutionary psychologist explain Maya’s behavior?

Maya has a genetic instinct for rooting that aids her ability to survive.

Our dopamine levels increase in response to positive ______, causing our underlying drives to become active impulses.

incentives

Josefina enjoys traveling the world in search of stimulating and risky activities. Her latest adventure involved skydiving off mountain cliffs. Josefina is likely:

a sensation-seeker

The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases, is known as:

the Yerkes-Dodson law

Conformity to peer pressure is MOST likely to be motivated by______needs.

affiliation

Kipling Williams and his colleagues have discovered that social media exclusion elicits increased activity in the:

anterior cingulate cortex

Abdul finds that he is more comfortable confiding his feelings to his online friends than to his in-person friends. This an example of electronic communication’s ability to stimulate:

self-disclosure

Narcissism refers to feeling:

self-important

Nairobi, who is 14, practices karate several times per week. Nairobi practices even when she is tired, and often at the expense of other activities she enjoys, with the goal of eventually earning a black belt. Nairobi's goal and behavior BEST illustrates the concept of:

achievement motivation

Angela Duckworth has defined grit as:

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of lorg-term goals

Nine-year-old Yichen loves to read. Over the summer, Yichen's parents offer to buy her a special toy she has been asking for if she reads 10 books. Although Yichen would likely have read 15 or 20 on her own, Yichen stops at 10 and feels unmotivated to read more. This is likely because:

extrinsic rewards have inhibited Yichen's intrinsic motivation.

Glucose is the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and:

provides the major source of energy.

Blood vessels connect the______ to the rest of the body, so it can respond to our current blood chemistry.

hypothalamus

The arcuate nucleus is a neural network in the hypothalamus that:

has a center that secretes appetite-stimulating hormones.

Which of these is true of a person's set point?

It is influenced in part by heredity

Obesity is defined as a:

body mass index of 30 or more

Penelope's grandmother told her, "You'll know you're in love when your heart pounds and you experience that unique trembling feeling inside.” This remark BEST illustrates:

the James-Lange theory

Which basic emotion is facially expressed by brows raised or knitted, mouth softly rounded, and lips maybe pursed?

interest

Whenever he feels blue, José sings the song "Put on a Happy Face." The facial feedback effect would suggest that, if Jose’ follows the advice of the song, Jose is likely to:

experience an elevation in his mood

Psychologists define stress as:

how we appraise and respond to threatening or challenging events

Stressors fall into specific categories, which are:

Catastrophes, significant life changes, and daily hassles

Borrowing money to pay off student debt is an example of a:

significant life changes

In the 1920s, Walter Cannon discovered that stress produced an outpouring of ____into the bloodstream

epinephrine

Telomeres are:

DNA pieces protecting the chromosome ends

Under stress, people often provide support to others and bond with and seek support from others. This referred to as the

tend-and-befriend response

The subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine is known as:

health psychology

The immune system cell that acts as a “big eater” that attacks harmful invades and worn-out cells is the:

macrophage cell

Coronary heart disease involves:

the clogging of blood vessels

Friedman and Rosenman referred to competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone individuals as Type____ personalities

A

Ruminating inwardly about why one is angry is likely to:

increase blood flow to the amygdala

Coping is defined as:

using emotional, behavioral, or cognitive methods to alleviate stress

We attempt to alleviate some stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor. This is known as:

problem-focused coping

Personal control is defined as:

our sense of being in charge of our enviroment rather then feeling helpless

The hopelessness and passive resignation that humans and other animals exhibit when unable to avoid repeated aversive events is called:

learned helplessness

Who demonstrated that, for some animals and people, a series of uncontrollable events creates a state of learned helplessness?

Martin Seligman

_____ increases heart and lung fitness and helps alleviate depression and anxiety

aerobic exercise

Kinsley is sitting alone, silently attending to her inner state without judging it, and mentally scanning her body. Kinsley’s behavior BEST illustrates

Mindfulness meditation

Ida is a spiritual person who attends religious services at least twice per week. Research indicates that this may lead to:

a greater life expectancy

When we believe that we are worse off than this with whom we are comparing ourselves, we experience:

relative deprivation