Social Psychology Ch. 7 - Attitudes & Consistency Save

What are attitudes?

an evaluation towards a person, object, or issue

Positive

like

Negative

dislike

Indifferent

neither positive or negative

Ambivalent

both positive and negative

What are beliefs?

pieces of information, facts, or opinions

What do beliefs help us with?

explaining things

What are the types of attitudes?

explicit and implicit attitudes

What are explicit attitudes?

controlled and conscious responses

What are implicit attitudes?

automatic and nonconscious responses

What is the mere exposure effect?

when we like things simply because we see or encounter them repeatedly

What is caveat?

exposure intensifies initial attitude

What happens in classical conditioning?

one stimulus is associated with another stimulus through experience

In operant conditioning is it likely to repeat attitudes/behaviors that are rewarded?

more likely

In operant conditioning is it likely to repeat attitudes/behaviors that are punished?

less likely

What is involved in classical conditioning?

associations in involuntary responses

what does operate conditioning involve?

increasing or decreasing likelihood of voluntary responses

What is involved in operant conditioning?

increasing or decreasing the likelihood of voluntary responses

what are implicit attitudes associated with?

classical conditioning

what are explicit attitudes involved with?

operant conditioning

What is social learning?

learning by observing others

Is social learning likely to imitate attitudes/behaviors if others are rewarded for them?

more likely

Is social learning likely to imitate attitudes/behaviors if others are punished for them?

less likely

What is attitude polarization?

attitudes become more extreme as people consider evidence on the issue

According to Fazio and Williams (1986), how does the speed at which individuals form attitudes toward political candidates relate to their likelihood of voting for those candidates in the 1984 U.S. presidential election?

quicker attitude formation was associated with stronger support for the candidate

Which of the following conditions are necessary for attitudes to strongly influence behavior, according to research on attitude-behavior consistency?

the attitude must be strong, accessible, and linked to a vested interest in the outcome

In the study by Dovidio, Kawakami, and Gaertner (2002), what did explicit attitudes predict?

conscious behaviors, including verbal behavior and how friendly the white participant was perceived by the black confederate

What are the two key measures used in the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to assess implicit attitudes?

accuracy (fewer errors) and response time (quicker responses)

In the study by Arcuri et al. (2008), what did explicit and implicit attitudes predict regarding voting behavior in the context of the local elections in Italy?

explicit attitudes predicted voting behavior for decided voters, while implicit attitudes predicted voting behavior for undecided voters

In the study by Rudman et al. (2007), what method was used to assess participants' attitudes toward smoking?

participants were asked to list their earliest and most recent experiences with smoking, rate the positivity or negativity of each experience, and complete an Implicit Association Test (IAT) and explicit attitude measures.

In cognitive dissonance theory, why is it generally easier to change an attitude rather than behavior to reduce dissonance?

It's harder to take back or undo behavior once it's performed