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Gene
Unit of hereditary traits
Chromosome
protein and DNA carrying genetic information within the genes
mitosis
division of sematic cells
gametes
haploid sex cells
meiosis
division of cells to create gametes, haploid
alleles
alternate form of a gene
genotype
genetic make up of an organism
genome
all of the possible alleles that are within a population
phenotype
the physical expression of the genotype
Law of Segregation
2 alleles separate during meiosis, each sperm or egg cell can unite with any other egg or sperm cell, random chance creates mix of alleles resulting in variety of offspring
Law of Independent assortment
alleles of one trait have no effect on the transmission of alleles of other traits
Multiplication Rule
(AND) two + independent events, the probability that they will occur at the same time
Addition Rule
(OR) two + mutually exclusive events, the probability that either will occur
Interphase G1
gap, when gene expression is occurring, creating proteins
Interphase S
synthesis, when 2nd copy of chromosomes is made, DNA synthesis
Interphase G2
gap, preparing for M phase
Non-disjunction
chromosomes don't separate
x-linked genes
genes located on x chromosome
incomplete dominance
heterozygote is a blend of both alleles
codominance
heterozygote reveals distinct expression of both alleles
lethal mutations
cause death at early age
sex-related expression
expression altered or influenced by gender
sex-linked
gene is on either X or Y chromosome
sex limited
expression is specifically limited to one sex
sex influenced
sex influences the expression, usually influenced by hormones
Pleiotropy
one mutation has many effects on phenotype
synthetic genes
lie on the same chromosome
genetic linkage
tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase
recombination
occurs at size of chiasmata during meiosis, results in daughter cell chromosomes different from parental chromosomes
r<50%
genes present on same chromosomes, they are linked
r>50%
located on non-homologous chromosome or far apart on homologous chromosomes, independent assortment
two-point test cross
cross between an individual heterozygous at two loci and an individual homozygous for recessive alleles at those loci
double crossovers
detectable if a three point cross is used, the effect of a double crossover is to interchange the middle pair of alleles between homologous chromosomes
Three-point test cross
double crossovers result in switching of the middle gene
factors affecting r/linkage maps
age, environment, gender, nutrition
epistasis
gene interaction, more than one gene affects the same trait
complementary gene action
9:7
Duplicate gene interaction
15:1
Dominant gene interaction
9:6:1
Recessive epistasis
12:3:1
Dominant suppression
13:3
replisome
proteins and enzymes that conduct whole process of prokaryotic DNA replication
DNA A
binds replication site and cleaves H bond
DNA B
Helicase untwists the helix and hydrolyze H bonds of helix
Topoisomerase
release tension, break through phosphodiester bonds and releases the tension and then reattaches it
Primase
RNA Polymerase- adds complimentary RNA bases (U not T)
DNA Polymerase
adding DNA bases and and attach DNA Nucleotides to RNA primer
Telomeres
nucleotides on the end of each DNA strand, repetitive nucleotides that are never expressed, in every S phase we lose telomeres and DNA shortens
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
chunks of DNA copied, automated process
Note 
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