human geography

3 main classifications of Indigenous people in Canada

First Nations, Métis, Inuit

Government actions to assimilate Indigenous peoples

Residential schools, banning cultural practices, Indian Act, reserve system

Current population trends for Indigenous peoples in Canada

Growing population, younger average age, urban migration, improving education levels

What is demography?

The study of human populations (size, structure, distribution, trends)

What is a census and how often is it done?

A population count conducted every 5 years in Canada

What is population density?

Number of people per square kilometer (Population ÷ Land area)

3 types of population settlement patterns in Canada

Concentrated (Toronto), Dispersed (Northern Quebec), Linear (St. Lawrence River)

What is natural increase rate and how is it calculated?

Birth rate - Death rate; shows growth from births vs. deaths

What is net migration and how is it calculated?

Immigration - Emigration; shows migration-based population change

What is doubling time and the Rule of 70?

70 ÷ Growth rate; tells how many years population takes to double

Rules for population pyramids

Separate sides for males/females, age groups in intervals, wide base = young population

3 population pyramid cohorts

Children (0–14), Working age (15–64), Seniors (65+)

What is dependency load?

Portion of population that relies on working age; impacts services and taxes

3 types of population pyramids

Expanding (triangle), Stable (rectangle), Contracting (top-heavy)

What is the DTM and its purpose?

Model that shows how population changes over time due to birth/death rates

Stage 1 of DTM

High birth/death rates, low growth

Stage 2 of DTM

High birth, falling death, rapid growth

Stage 3 of DTM

Falling birth/death, slowing growth

Stage 4 of DTM

Low birth/death rates, stable population

Stage 5 of DTM

Very low birth, aging population, possible decline

Difference between Africa and Europe in DTM

Africa is mostly in Stage 2–3; Europe is in Stage 4–5

How does a country move through DTM stages?

Economic development, education, healthcare, technology

What stage is Canada in the DTM?

Stage 4

Immigration vs. Emigration

Immigration: entering a country; Emigration: leaving a country

Push vs. Pull factors

Push: war, poverty, no jobs; Pull: safety, opportunities, education

3 immigrant categories in Canada

Economic, Family, Refugees

Where do most immigrants settle in Canada and why?

Large cities like Toronto/Vancouver for jobs, community, services

Canada’s immigration historical trend

Early European immigration; now more from Asia, Africa, Middle East

How many points to qualify as economic immigrant?

67/100; based on age, language, education, work experience

Difference between rural and urban areas

Rural = low population, farmland; Urban = cities, dense population

What is urbanization?

Growth of cities due to jobs and industrialization

Pros and cons of urbanization

Pros: services, jobs; Cons: pollution, cost of living

Why are people moving to rural areas? (Counter-urbanization)

Seeking peace, affordability, remote work

What is urban planning?

Designing city layouts for land use and services

6 types of urban land use and %

Residential (40%), Transportation (32%), Commercial (5%), Industrial (6%), Institutional (10%), Open space (7%)

Livability vs. Sustainability

Livability = quality of life; Sustainability = meeting needs without harming future

Urban sprawl vs. urban intensification

Sprawl = outward growth; Intensification = growth within city limits

Pros and cons of urban sprawl

Pros: cheaper homes, space; Cons: traffic, pollution, loss of farmland

How does decentralization relate to sprawl?

Spreading population from city core to outer areas fuels sprawl

How can we reduce urban sprawl?

Smart growth, transit systems, mixed-use development, greenbelts