human geography

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40 Terms

1
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3 main classifications of Indigenous people in Canada

First Nations, Métis, Inuit

2
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Government actions to assimilate Indigenous peoples

Residential schools, banning cultural practices, Indian Act, reserve system

3
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Current population trends for Indigenous peoples in Canada

Growing population, younger average age, urban migration, improving education levels

4
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What is demography?

The study of human populations (size, structure, distribution, trends)

5
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What is a census and how often is it done?

A population count conducted every 5 years in Canada

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What is population density?

Number of people per square kilometer (Population ÷ Land area)

7
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3 types of population settlement patterns in Canada

Concentrated (Toronto), Dispersed (Northern Quebec), Linear (St. Lawrence River)

8
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What is natural increase rate and how is it calculated?

Birth rate - Death rate; shows growth from births vs. deaths

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What is net migration and how is it calculated?

Immigration - Emigration; shows migration-based population change

10
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What is doubling time and the Rule of 70?

70 ÷ Growth rate; tells how many years population takes to double

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Rules for population pyramids

Separate sides for males/females, age groups in intervals, wide base = young population

12
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3 population pyramid cohorts

Children (0–14), Working age (15–64), Seniors (65+)

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What is dependency load?

Portion of population that relies on working age; impacts services and taxes

14
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3 types of population pyramids

Expanding (triangle), Stable (rectangle), Contracting (top-heavy)

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What is the DTM and its purpose?

Model that shows how population changes over time due to birth/death rates

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Stage 1 of DTM

High birth/death rates, low growth

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Stage 2 of DTM

High birth, falling death, rapid growth

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Stage 3 of DTM

Falling birth/death, slowing growth

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Stage 4 of DTM

Low birth/death rates, stable population

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Stage 5 of DTM

Very low birth, aging population, possible decline

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Difference between Africa and Europe in DTM

Africa is mostly in Stage 2–3; Europe is in Stage 4–5

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How does a country move through DTM stages?

Economic development, education, healthcare, technology

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What stage is Canada in the DTM?

Stage 4

24
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Immigration vs. Emigration

Immigration: entering a country; Emigration: leaving a country

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Push vs. Pull factors

Push: war, poverty, no jobs; Pull: safety, opportunities, education

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3 immigrant categories in Canada

Economic, Family, Refugees

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Where do most immigrants settle in Canada and why?

Large cities like Toronto/Vancouver for jobs, community, services

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Canada’s immigration historical trend

Early European immigration; now more from Asia, Africa, Middle East

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How many points to qualify as economic immigrant?

67/100; based on age, language, education, work experience

30
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Difference between rural and urban areas

Rural = low population, farmland; Urban = cities, dense population

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What is urbanization?

Growth of cities due to jobs and industrialization

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Pros and cons of urbanization

Pros: services, jobs; Cons: pollution, cost of living

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Why are people moving to rural areas? (Counter-urbanization)

Seeking peace, affordability, remote work

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What is urban planning?

Designing city layouts for land use and services

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6 types of urban land use and %

Residential (40%), Transportation (32%), Commercial (5%), Industrial (6%), Institutional (10%), Open space (7%)

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Livability vs. Sustainability

Livability = quality of life; Sustainability = meeting needs without harming future

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Urban sprawl vs. urban intensification

Sprawl = outward growth; Intensification = growth within city limits

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Pros and cons of urban sprawl

Pros: cheaper homes, space; Cons: traffic, pollution, loss of farmland

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How does decentralization relate to sprawl?

Spreading population from city core to outer areas fuels sprawl

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How can we reduce urban sprawl?

Smart growth, transit systems, mixed-use development, greenbelts