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3 main classifications of Indigenous people in Canada
First Nations, Métis, Inuit
Government actions to assimilate Indigenous peoples
Residential schools, banning cultural practices, Indian Act, reserve system
Current population trends for Indigenous peoples in Canada
Growing population, younger average age, urban migration, improving education levels
What is demography?
The study of human populations (size, structure, distribution, trends)
What is a census and how often is it done?
A population count conducted every 5 years in Canada
What is population density?
Number of people per square kilometer (Population ÷ Land area)
3 types of population settlement patterns in Canada
Concentrated (Toronto), Dispersed (Northern Quebec), Linear (St. Lawrence River)
What is natural increase rate and how is it calculated?
Birth rate - Death rate; shows growth from births vs. deaths
What is net migration and how is it calculated?
Immigration - Emigration; shows migration-based population change
What is doubling time and the Rule of 70?
70 ÷ Growth rate; tells how many years population takes to double
Rules for population pyramids
Separate sides for males/females, age groups in intervals, wide base = young population
3 population pyramid cohorts
Children (0–14), Working age (15–64), Seniors (65+)
What is dependency load?
Portion of population that relies on working age; impacts services and taxes
3 types of population pyramids
Expanding (triangle), Stable (rectangle), Contracting (top-heavy)
What is the DTM and its purpose?
Model that shows how population changes over time due to birth/death rates
Stage 1 of DTM
High birth/death rates, low growth
Stage 2 of DTM
High birth, falling death, rapid growth
Stage 3 of DTM
Falling birth/death, slowing growth
Stage 4 of DTM
Low birth/death rates, stable population
Stage 5 of DTM
Very low birth, aging population, possible decline
Difference between Africa and Europe in DTM
Africa is mostly in Stage 2–3; Europe is in Stage 4–5
How does a country move through DTM stages?
Economic development, education, healthcare, technology
What stage is Canada in the DTM?
Stage 4
Immigration vs. Emigration
Immigration: entering a country; Emigration: leaving a country
Push vs. Pull factors
Push: war, poverty, no jobs; Pull: safety, opportunities, education
3 immigrant categories in Canada
Economic, Family, Refugees
Where do most immigrants settle in Canada and why?
Large cities like Toronto/Vancouver for jobs, community, services
Canada’s immigration historical trend
Early European immigration; now more from Asia, Africa, Middle East
How many points to qualify as economic immigrant?
67/100; based on age, language, education, work experience
Difference between rural and urban areas
Rural = low population, farmland; Urban = cities, dense population
What is urbanization?
Growth of cities due to jobs and industrialization
Pros and cons of urbanization
Pros: services, jobs; Cons: pollution, cost of living
Why are people moving to rural areas? (Counter-urbanization)
Seeking peace, affordability, remote work
What is urban planning?
Designing city layouts for land use and services
6 types of urban land use and %
Residential (40%), Transportation (32%), Commercial (5%), Industrial (6%), Institutional (10%), Open space (7%)
Livability vs. Sustainability
Livability = quality of life; Sustainability = meeting needs without harming future
Urban sprawl vs. urban intensification
Sprawl = outward growth; Intensification = growth within city limits
Pros and cons of urban sprawl
Pros: cheaper homes, space; Cons: traffic, pollution, loss of farmland
How does decentralization relate to sprawl?
Spreading population from city core to outer areas fuels sprawl
How can we reduce urban sprawl?
Smart growth, transit systems, mixed-use development, greenbelts