Plant and Animal Relationships

Level 3 Biology Study!

epiphytes _______ on another plant their whole life, with _______ extending into debris and the surface of the plant they live on, and grow _______ for _______

perch, roots, leaves, photosynthesis

vines have roots in the _______, providing them with w_______ and n_______, and climb another _______ for support, growing _______ for _______

soil, water, nutrients, plant, leaves, photosynthesis

do vines or epiphytes have roots in the soil?

vines

are vines or epiphytes parasites?

no

for a plant to be a parasite, it has to extend its _______ into the tissues or vessels of another _______, to extract water/nutrients it depends on for survival

roots, plant

a/an _______ relationship is where at least 1 organism is entirely _______ on the other for _______

obligatory, dependant, survival

_______ is where 1 animal species eats members of another animal species (__/__)

predation, +, -

_______ is where 1 animal species eats parts of a plant species (__/__)

herbivory, +, -

_______ includes predation, herbivory and parasitism

exploitation

_______ is where members of different species compete for the same _______ (__/__)

competition, resources, -, -

_______ is members of one species live on or inside members of another species, feeding off them (__/__)

parasitism, +, -

_______ is where two species provide off each other with different _______ (__/__)

mutualism, resources, +, +

_______ is where one species benefits from or aids another species while not being affected itself (__/__)

commensalism, +, 0

competition exists when there is need for the same resource which is _______

scarce

_______’s competitive exclusion principle states that no two species can occupy exactly the same _______ in the same _______

gause, niche, habitat

if one species benefits and the other is harmed, but the relationship is not predation, herbivory, or parasitism, then the relationship is _______

exploitation

mutualism and exploitation relationships both can result in _______ between species

co-evolution

a herbivore is not a/an _______, but a _______ _______

predator, primary consumer

a herbivore is _______ if it only feeds on one type of plant, making it a/an _______

monophagous, specialist

a herbivore is _______ if it feeds on a variety of plants, making it a/an _______

polyphagous, generalist

plants evolve mechanical and chemical _______ against herbivory

defenses

a _______ completely feeds off its host

holoparasite

a _______ only partially feeds off its host, and has the ability to provide energy for itself too

hemiparasite

a/an _______ parasite lives on the outside of its host

ecto

a/an _______ parasite lives on the inside of its host

endo

a/an _______ (or s_______) uses another species to brood and raise young

brood, social

holoparasitic plants send _______ into the _______ (to obtain water) and the _______ (to obtain nutrients) of the host plant

haustoria

_______ are modified roots which are used to feed off a host plant

haustoria

hemiparasites send _______ only into the _______ (to obtain _______), and have _______ for _______ to produce their own _______

haustoria, xylem, water, leaves, photosynthesis, energy

predation involves a _______ as the species benefitting

carnivore

prey _______ occurs when prey numbers decrease due to _______ from predators, which can be detrimental for native species in an ecological _______

switching, overhunting, community

_______ _______ indicates to predators that prey may be harmful or unpalatable

warning colouration

predators are important to control prey _______ levels

population

predators act as _______ agents for prey

selecting

are predators or prey more numerous in numbers?

prey

_______ mimicry is where a palatable species mimics the colourations and appearance of an unpalatable species

batesian

_______ mimicry is where an unpalatable species mimics the colourations and appearance of another unpalatable species

mullerian

_______ is where a prey species adopts the colourations, size and shape of another species

mimicry

for batesian mimicry to work, there must be significantly more of the _______ than the _______ species, so that predators can associate the appearance of the prey with an unpleasant taste

model, mimic

_______ is where an animal is coloured lighter on the underside of the body and darker on the top side, to counterbalance the effects of self-shadowing

countershading

_______ is where the colourings of a species (predator or prey) blend in with the colours of the environment, so they are less visible to other organisms

camouflage

_______ is where an animal adopts patterns, such as stripes or dappling, to help it to blend in with the environment

cryptic colouration

predators have eyes positioned at the _______ of their heads

front

prey have eyes positioned at the _______ of their heads

sides

prey species live in groups to achieve “_______ in _______”

safety, numbers

large groups of prey allows greater _______, so that _______ time can be increased as each individual member has to raise its head less to check for _______

vigilance, feeding, predators

large groups of prey allows for the _______ effect to occur, where the likelihood of any individual becoming a victim in a predator attack _______

dilution, decreases

large groups of prey allows for the _______ effect to occur, where predators find it difficult to focus their attention on an individual prey when many others are around

confusion

the more scarce a resource, the more _______ the competition

intense

_______ is where plants release _______ to _______ the growth of surrounding plants

allelopathy, allelochemicals, inhibit

allelopathy and antibiosis both reduce _______ _______ for resources

interspecific competition

niche _______ is a selective advantage which reduces competition for organisms in the same area, changing patterns of _______

differentiation, distribution

_______ is where plants inhabit different vertical layers of the forest, each with different _______ intensity

stratification

_______ is a type of niche differentiation where species occupy different altitudes, especially in mountainous or intertidal

zonation

_______ is the change in species composition of a community

succession

_______ succession is the beginning species composition of a community, which changes over time to the final _______ community

primary, climax