Integrated Physical Sciences: Section 2 Lessons 1-3

chemistry

the study of the properties and interactions of substances

atoms

small particles that make up all matter

atom

the basic building blocks of matter consisting of a nucleus (made of protons and neutrons), and electrons surrounding the nucleus

electron

a negatively charged subatomic particle found outside of the nucleus

mass

a measure of how much matter an object has

matter

anything that takes up space and has mass

nucleus

the center of an atom where the protons and neutrons are located

neutron

a neutral (not charged) subatomic particle; one of the two particles that make up an atomic nucleus

proton

a positively charged subatomic particle; one of the two particles that make up an atomic nucleus

You are visiting a colony on the moon for a bowling tournament. What will be the difference in the mass of your bowling ball on the moon versus Earth?

The ball will have the same mass on the moon.

What are the small building blocks that make up matter?

atoms

Which subatomic particles are found in an atom's nucleus?

protons and neutrons

electron cloud

a diffuse region of negative charge surrounding an atomic nucleus; it describes the region in which electrons are located (their exact location is uncertain)

valence electrons

electrons that occupy the outermost regions, those farthest from the nucleus of an atom

which subatomic particles have very little mass in comparison to the other subatomic particles?

electrons

Which subatomic particle is negatively charged?

electron

Which subatomic particle is NOT located in the nucleus?

electron

element

a substance that is composed of a single type of atom, as defined by the number of protons in the nucleus

on the periodic table, what is the number that appears above the element symbol?

the number of protons in the nucleus (the atomic number)

compound

a chemical that contains at least two different types of atoms in a fixed ratio

chemical

any substance that has a definite, fixed chemical composition

chemical bonds

attractive forces that hold atoms together

molecule

An exact number of atoms of one type of element or more than one type of element that are held together by covalent bonds

organic compound

a compound that contains carbon and hydrogen

Which chemical must contain only one type of atom?

element

Which chemical contains one type or two or more different types of atoms in a fixed ratio?

compound

heterogeneous mixture

components that are not evenly mixed

homogeneous mixture

components that are evenly mixed and cannot be differentiated with the unaided eye

pure substance

a chemical that contains only one type of element or compound (also referred to as a "substance")

mixture

a combination of two or more pure substances

What is the scientific definition of a pure substance?

A substance containing a single element or compound

What is the scientific definition of a mixture?

A substance in which atoms are not present in a fixed ratio

What is the scientific definition of a chemical?

A substance that contains one type of atom or a group of atoms in a fixed ratio

volume

the amount of space that a substance or object occupies

macroscopic properties

properties that are visible to the naked eye

what are the three states of matter?

solid, liquid, gas

what phase of matter has a fixed shape?

solid

microscopic properties

properties that are too small to see without using a microscope

solid

particles that have relatively little energy and tend to vibrate about a fixed position

liquid

particles that have a bit more energy so they are able to slide past one another, and thus be poured

gas

particles that have a lot of energy and move very quickly, thus they are spread far apart

Helium gas can be compressed and can also expand. What is this an example of?

Macroscopic properties

Which has a fixed shape and a fixed volume?

a solid

Which has a fixed volume and no fixed shape?

a liquid

Which has neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume?

a gas

The formation of a spherical droplet of liquid water is the result of surface tension in liquids. Which type of property is the ability of water to flow and change shape?

macroscopic

Which of the following are properties of both solids and liquids?

matter cannot be compressed and particles are close together

1 multiple choice option

Why are gases compressible?

Because the particles are far apart and can be pushed closer together

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which can be found in crude oil, is toxic and corrosive. It must be removed before the crude can be used. Crude oil is separated into different products during a process called refining. What is hydrogen sulfide?

a compound

The macroscopic properties of solids, liquids, and gases result from the microscopic properties of the particles of which they are composed. Why does a solid have a fixed shape (meaning that the shape does not change)?

Because particles only vibrate in place, and cannot move past one another

Fossil fuels are composed mostly of hydrocarbons (molecules of hydrogen and carbon). What are hydrocarbons?

organic materials

What are negatively charged particles that move around an atom's nucleus called?

electrons

carbon is an important component of organic compounds. Carbon's atomic number is 6. What does this mean?

it has 6 protons

Fossil fuels can contain nitrogen. When a chemical bond is formed between nitrogen and other elements to form a fossil fuel, what are transferred or shared between atoms?

valence electrons

Biomass is waste material, including garbage and manure. Therefore, how can biomass be classified?

a mixture

Which of these particles can be found in the atomic nucleus?

protons and neutrons

3 multiple choice options

Diesel is a fossil fuel. At room temperature the particles that compose diesel fuel are close together and slide past one another. What is the state of diesel at room temperature?

liquid

Which of the following particles is described as the basic building block of matter?

atoms

Two atoms each have 20 protons and 20 electrons. However, one of these atoms has 20 neutrons and the other has 22 neutrons. What is the relationship between these atoms?

they are the same element

The atomic number of iron (Fe) is 26. What does this tell you about an atom of iron?

it has 26 protons

Which subatomic particle is electrically neutral?

neutrons

which subatomic particle is negatively charged?

electrons

When two atoms form a chemical bond with one another, which subatomic particles are involved?

electrons

Why doesn't a gas have a fixed volume or fixed shape?

Because the particles are moving quickly and are spread far apart

A chemist is working with three different samples of the same substance. Each sample is a different state. In which state of matter are the particles moving the fastest: solid, liquid, or gas?

gas

Petroleum, also known as crude oil, can vary considerably in color and consistency. How is it classified?

as a mixture

Sweet crude is petroleum with a low sulfur content. Sweet crude is considered more desirable than sour crude, which has a high sulfur content. What is sulfur (S)?

an element

Which phrase describes an organic compound?

It always contains carbon and hydrogen.

Which microscopic property of coal causes the macroscopic property of a fixed shape?

particles vibrate about a fixed position

Two atoms are compared by a scientist. One atom has 10 protons and 10 neutrons. The other atom has 8 protons and 8 neutrons. What can the scientist conclude about these atoms?

they are different elements