Experience human development chapter 7

Major physical changes

Around age 3, children lose "baby fat" limbs lengthen, height increases. Cartilage turns to bone faster.

Sleep patterns

By age 5 most u.s. Children give up naps in daytime sleep an average of 11 hours at night. Bedtime varies among cultures.

Examples of sleep disturbances

Night terrors, nightmares, sleep walking and sleep talking, enuresis.

Night terrors

Abrupt awakening early in the night from a deep sleep in a state of agitation. Child may scream and sit up, but has no recollection of events in the morning.

Nightmares

Often brought on by staying up too late, watching scary movies or hearing a scary story, eating a heavy meal right before sleep etc... Persistent nightmares may signal excessive stress.

Enuresis

Repeated, involuntary urination at night by children old enough to have bladder control. (10-15% of 5 year olds mainly boys)

Physical Brain development

By 6 years Brian is at 95% peak volume. Affects other aspects of development (growth and motorskills)

Gross motor skills

Physical skills that involve large muscle groups (running jumping)

Fine motor skills

Hand-eye coordination. Small muscles (buttoning shirt or drawing)

Systems of action

Increasingly complex combo of skills which permit wider more precise range of movement and more control of environment.

Handedness

Preference of right or left (by age 3) heritability- 82% of population is right handed.

obesity

Overweight children tend to become overweight adults. Both heredity and environment. Low income ='more likely to be obese: can't afford healthier choices.

Malnutrition

Not getting nutritional needs met. Can cause long term cognitive development. Early education and improved diet can moderate effects.

Undernutrition cause

More than half of deaths before age 5

Food allergy

Abnormal immune system response to a specific food. Most children will outgrow allergies.

90% of food allergies

Milk, eggs, tree nuts, soy, wheat

Low SES and health

Greater child's risk of illness, injury, death.

Poor children are more likely to

Be of a minority, have chronic health problems and lack of Heath insurance, suffer vision and hearing loss.

Parental smoking

Increase risk of asthma and bronchitis. Potential damage is greater during early years.

Air pollution

Increased risk of death and chronic respiratory disease. Cancers.

Pesticides

Children more vulnerable to chronic pesticide damage.

Lead poisoning

Irreversible neurological and behavioral problems.

Symbolic function

Use symbols that have meaning (words, #s, images)

Preoperational stage

(Piaget) 2nd major stage of cognitive development in which symbolic thought expands but children cannot use logic.

Without symbols

People could not communicate verbally, make change, read maps, or treasure photos.

Symbols help children

Remember and think about things that are not physically present.

Deferred imitation

Based on having a kept mental representation of a previously observed event.

Imagination

Pretend play

Transduction

Mentally link phenomena where logical or not (my parents are going to get a divorce because I was bad)

Familiar settings help

Advance causality. When events are close in time, they are more likely to have transduction.

Identities

Concept that people and many things are basically the same even if they change in form, size, or appearance.

Animism

Tendency to attribute life to inanimate objects (The sun is happy!)

Familiarity increases

Accuracy (I know that a person isn't a doll)

Ordinality

Concept of comparing quantities (more or less, big and small)

Irreversibility

Failure to understand that an operation or action can go 2 or more directions.

Theory of mind

Awareness of broad range of human mental states (beliefs, intents, desires, dreams etc..) and understanding that others have their own.

Centeration

Focusing on 1 aspect of a situation and neglecting others(egocentrism) leads to illogical conclusions

Decenteration

Thinking simultaneously about several aspects of a situation.

Conservation

Something remains the same even if it's altered (children can't grasp difference between height and weight)

False beliefs and decptions

People hold mental representation of reality which can sometimes be wrong. Children are capable of deception by 2-5 years.

Appearance vs reality

Awareness of false beliefs. Requires child to simultaneously refer to 2 conflicting mental representations (birthday candle experiment)

Fantasy vs reality

Distinguishing between real and imagined events (magical thinking - witches and dragons)

The 3 steps of memory

Encoding storage retrieval

Storehouses

Sensory, working, short term, long term.

Sensory memory

Temporary holding bank for incoming information. Without processing (encoding) these memories fade quickly.

Encoding

Info is prepared for long term storage and later retrieval.

Storage

Saving info for a later time

Retrieval

Info is brought out of storage for use

Working

Short-term memory. Actively processing.

Long-term

Storage of virtually unlimited capacity that holds info for long periods.

Executive function

Conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems. Enables kids to plan and carry out goal-directed mental activity.

Central executive

Controls processing operations in working memory.

Types of retrieval

Recognition and recall

Recognition

Ability to identify something encountered before (pick out missing mitten from lost and found)

Recall

Ability to reproduce knowledge from memory

Types of child memory

Generic, episodic, autobiographical

Generic memory

About age 2. Produces a script. Helps child know what to expect and how to act.

Script

General outline of a familiar or repeated event.

Episodic

Awareness of having experienced a particular event or episode at a specific time and place.

Autobiographical

Type of episodic memory. Memories of distinctive experiences that form a persons life history.

Social interaction model

(Vygotskys sociocultural theory) children construct autobiographical memories through conversation with adults about shared events.

Vygotskys theory

Children use scaffolds to learn.

Zpd

Difference between what child can do alone and what they need help with.

Dynamic tests

Provide better measure

Vocab

By age 3, average child knows 900-1000 words. By age six 2600 and understands 20,000+

Fast mapping

Child learns meaning of word after hearing it once or twice.

Pragmatics

How we use language to communicate. Knowing how to ask for something, how to tell a joke, how to begin and continue conversation.

Social speech

Intended to be understood by listener trying to explain something clearly.

Private speech

Talking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate.

Piagets view on private speech

Saw this speech as a sign of cognitive immaturity.

Vygotskys view on private speech

Saw this speech as a special form of communication. Conversation with self.

Delayed language development

5-8% of preschool children show speech and language delays.

Emergent literacy

Preschoolers development of skills, knowledge, and attributes that underlie reading and writing.

Prereading skills #1

Oral language skills (vocab, syntax, narrative structure and understanding that language is used to communicate.

Pretending skills #2

Specific phonological skills (linking letters with sounds) that help in decoding the printed word.

Reading to children

Is one of the most effective paths to literacy.

Active media users

Able to pay greater attention to dialogue and narrative

Types of preschools

Academically focused and child centered.

Child centered preschools

Stress social and emotional growth, children choose activities and interact individually with teacher.

Compensatory preschool goals

Improve physical health, cognitive skills, self confidence, relationships with others, social responsibility, sense of dignity and self worth for child and family.

Headstart

Designed to aid children who would otherwise enter school poorly prepared to learn.

Transitioning to kindergarten

Kindergarten is more like 1st grade (more time with worksheets and pre reading)

Preschool experienced children

Transition easier (learned social skills etc...) better prepared with a full day.