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Americans feared that the end of World War II would bring
a return of the Great Depression
The Taft-Hartley Act delivered a major blow to labor by
outlawing “closed” (all-union) shops
The passage of the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (GI Bill of Rights) was partly motivated by
fear that labor markets could not absorb millions of discharged veterans
In an effort to forestall an economic downturn, the Truman administration did all of the following except
sell war factories and other government installations to private businesses at very low prices
The post-World War II prosperity in the United States was most beneficial to
women
One striking consequence of the postwar economic boom was
a vast expansion of the homeowning middle class
The long economic boom from World War II to the 1970s was fueled primarily by
high labor efficiency
Much of the prosperity of the 1950s and 1960s rested on the underpinnings of
colossal military budgets
One sign of the stress that the widespread post-World War II geographic mobility placed on American families was the
popularity of advice books on child-rearing
The dramatically reduced number of American farms and farmers in the postwar era was accompanied by
spectacular gains in American agricultural productivity and food growing
Since 1945, population in the United States has grown most rapidly in the
Sunbelt
Much of the Sunbelt’s new prosperity was based on its
its tremendous influx of money from the federal government
All of the following encouraged many Americans to move to the suburbs except
development of fuel-efficient automobiles
The continued growth of the suburbs led to
an increase in urban poverty
Population distribution after World War II followed a pattern of
an urban-suburban segregation of blacks and whites in major metropolitan areas
The huge postwar “baby boom” reached its peak in the
late 1950s
Harry Truman possessed all of the following personal characteristics except
willingness to admit mistakes
In early 1945, the United States was eager to have the Soviet Union participate in the projected invasion of Japan because
Soviet help could reduce the number of American casualties
The origins of the Cold War lay in a fundamental disagreement between the United States and the Soviet Union over postwar arrangements in
Eastern Europe
Unlike the failed League of Nations, the new United Nations
was established in a spirit of cooperation before the war's actual end
The earliest and most serious failure of the United Nations involved its inability to
control atomic energy, especially the manufacture of weapons
The victorious World War II Allies quickly agreed that
Nazism should be destroyed in Germany and high-ranking Nazis should be tried and punished for war crimes
When the Soviet Union denied the United States, Britain, and France access to Berlin in 1948, President Truman responded by
organizing a gigantic airlift of supplies to Berlin
Soviet specialist George F. Kennan framed a coherent approach for America in the Cold War by advising a policy of
containment
America’s postwar containment policy was based on the assumption that the Soviet Union was fundamentally
expansionist but cautious
The immediate crisis that prompted the announcement of the Truman Doctrine was related to the threat of a communist takeover in
Greece and Turkey
Under the Truman Doctrine, the United States pledged to
support those who were resisting subjugation by communists
Match each postwar American program below with its primary purpose
A. Point Four
B. NATO
C. Truman Doctrine
D. Marshall Plan
assist communist-threatened Greece and Turkey
promote economic recovery of Europe
aid underdeveloped nations of Latin America, Asia, and Africa
resist Soviet military threat
A. Point Four - 3. Aid underdeveloped nations of Latin America, Asia, and Africa
B. NATO - 4. Resist Soviet military threat
C. Truman Doctrine - 1. Assist communist-threatened Greece and Turkey
D. Marshall Plan - 2. Promote economic recovery of Europe
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A leading American theologian who urged a vigorous American foreign policy and a return to Christian foundations was
Paul Tillich
President Truman’s Marshall Plan called for
substantial financial assistance to rebuild Western Europe
President Truman risked American access to Middle Eastern oil supplies when he
recognized the new Jewish state of Israel
American membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization did all of the following for the country except
reduce our defense expenditures, since we would get help from other countries
The United States’ participation in NATO
reaffirmed our long-standing commitment to the defense of Europe, marked a dramatic departure from traditional American isolationism, reduced the need for increased military spending, and helped to resolve the problem of Germany
Postwar Japan
had its military leaders tried for war crimes, as had occurred in Germany
Which of the following was not true of the new Japanese government installed by General Douglas MacArthur in 1946?
It joined an American military alliance to prevent the spread of communism in East Asia
Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalist government lost the Chinese civil war to the communists and Mao Ze-dong mainly because
Jiang lost the support and confidence of the Chinese people
In an effort to detect communists within the federal government, President Harry Truman established the
A) Committee on Un-American Activities
B) Central Intelligence Agency
C) Smith Act
D) McCarran Internal Security Act
E) Loyalty Review Board
E) Loyalty Review Board
In 1948, many southern Democrats split from their party to support Governor J. Strom Thurmond because
A) China had fallen to the communists
B) they opposed American membership in the United Nations
C) President Truman took a strong stand in favor of civil rights
D) they found the Republican candidate, Thomas E. Dewey, more sympathetic to their conservative ideology
E) Truman appointed an ambassador to the Catholic Vatican City
C) President Truman took a strong stand in favor of civil rights
Match each 1948 presidential candidate below with his political party.
A. J. Strom Thurmond
B. Henry Wallace
C. Harry S Truman
D. Thomas E. Dewey
Progressive
Democratic
States’ Rights
Republican
A. J. Strom Thurmond - 3. States’ Rights
B. Henry Wallace - 1. Progressive
C. Harry S Truman - 2. Democratic
D. Thomas E. Dewey - 4. Republican
President Truman’s domestic legislative plan was dubbed the
A) Square Deal
B) New Deal
C) Fair Deal
D) Redeal
E) New Frontier
C) Fair Deal
President Truman’s action upon hearing of the invasion of South Korea illustrated his commitment to a foreign policy of
A) appeasement
B) liberation
C) détente
D) multilateralism
E) containment
E) containment
NSC-68 called for
A) the invasion of North Korea by United Nations troops
B) a blockade of the China coast and bombing of Manchuria
C) a program of spying on the Soviet Union
D) the reorganization of the Defense Department
E) a massive increase in military spending
E) a massive increase in military spending
President Harry Truman relieved General Douglas MacArthur from command of United Nations troops in Korea when
A) MacArthur continued to lose crucial battles
B) MacArthur crossed the 38th parallel and entered North Korea
C) the Chinese entered the Korean War after MacArthur said they would not
D) MacArthur began to take issue publically with presidential policies
E) MacArthur began to mock Truman for being only a captain in the army
D) MacArthur began to take issue publically with presidential policies
The imperious and insubordinate commander in Korea who was fired by President Truman was General
A) Dwight Eisenhower
B) George Patton
C) “Bull” Halsey
D) Matthew Ridgeway
E) Douglas MacArthur
E) Douglas MacArthur
Arrange the following events in chronological order:
(A) Berlin airlift, (B) Korean War, (C) fall of China.
(A) Berlin airlift → (C) fall of China → (B) Korean War
Arrange the following in chronological order of their appearance: (A) Marshall Plan, (B) Truman Doctrine, (C) NATO
(B) Truman Doctrine → (A) Marshall Plan → (C) NATO
Richard Nixon was selected as Dwight Eisenhower’s vice-presidential running mate in 1952 as a concession to the
A) isolationists
B) liberal Republicans
C) hard-line anticommunists
D) moderate Republicans
E) southern Republicans
C) hard-line anticommunists
During the 1952 presidential campaign, Republican candidate Dwight Eisenhower declared that he would _____________ to help end the Korean War.
A) use atomic weapons
B) blockade the China coast and bomb Manchuria
C) open negotiations with Mao Zedong
D) order United Nations troops to invade North Korea
E) personally go to Korea
E) personally go to Korea
Dwight Eisenhower’s greatest asset as president was his
A) vast military experience
B) willingness to take a partisan stand
C) commitment to social justice
D) willingness to involve himself in rough campaigning
E) enjoyment of the affection and respect of the American people
E) enjoyment of the affection and respect of the American people
Among anticommunists, Senator Joseph R. McCarthy was the
A) most effective
B) first Republican
C) only true World War II hero
D) one who most damaged free speech and fair play
E) one who organized a national movement
D) one who most damaged free speech and fair play
The record would seem to indicate that President Eisenhower’s strongest commitment during his presidency was to
A) social justice
B) social harmony
C) party loyalty
D) racial desegregation
E) political reform
B) social harmony
In response to Senator Joseph McCarthy’s anticommunist attacks, President Eisenhower
A) publicly denounced him only after he attacked General George Marshall
B) quietly encouraged him to continue his attacks on Democrats
C) publicly opposed his ruthless tactics but privately enjoyed his personal charm
D) allowed him to control personnel policy at the State Department
E) privately supported him but publicly kept his distance
D) allowed him to control personnel policy at the State Department
Senator Joseph McCarthy first rose to national prominence by
A) revealing that Communist spies were passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
B) charging that there was extensive Communist influence in Hollywood and the media
C) asserting that General George Marshall was part of a vast Communist conspiracy within the U.S. Army
D) mobilizing Republicans to demand a stronger anticommunist foreign policy in East Asia
E) charging that dozens of known Communists were working within the U.S. State Department
E) charging that dozens of known Communists were working within the U.S. State Department
Senator McCarthy’s anticommunist crusade ended when he
A) began to attack the personal integrity of his critics
B) alleged that there were communists in Hollywood
C) alleged that there were communists in the Foreign Service
D) alleged that many college professors were communists
E) alleged that there were communists in the army
E) alleged that there were communists in the army
In an effort to overturn Jim Crow laws and the segregated system that they had created, African Americans used all of the following methods except
A) economic boycotts
B) legal attacks on underpinnings of segregation in the courts
C) appeals to foreign governments to pressure the United States to establish racial justice
D) mobilization of black churches on behalf of black rights
E) use of the nonviolent tactics of Mohandas Gandhi
C) appeals to foreign governments to pressure the United States to establish racial justice
Which one of the following is least related to the other three?
A) nonviolent direct action
B) Martin Luther King, Jr.
C) Rosa Parks
D) Montgomery bus boycott
E) Orval Faubus
E) Orval Faubus
The Supreme Court began to advance the cause of civil rights in the 1950s because
A) the Court was the only branch of government with the Constitutional authority to do so
B) the courts were dominated by New Deal liberals
C) President Eisenhower had requested the Court’s assistance
D) Congress and the presidency had largely abdicated their responsibilities by keeping hands off the issue
E) the Constitution clearly prohibited any segregation
D) Congress and the presidency had largely abdicated their responsibilities by keeping hands off the issue
In the epochal 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the Supreme Court
A) declared that the concept of “separate but equal” facilities for blacks and whites was unconstitutional
B) upheld its earlier decision in Plessy v. Ferguson
C) rejected desegregation
D) supported the “Declaration of Constitutional Principles” issued by Congress
E) ordered immediate and total integration of all American schools
A) declared that the concept of “separate but equal” facilities for blacks and whites was unconstitutional
On the subject of racial justice, President Eisenhower
A) had demanded the integration of the armed forces as early as 1948
B) publicly endorsed the 1954 Supreme Court school-desegregation decision
C) vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1957
D) had advised against integrating the armed forces
E) admired the Christian philosophy of Martin Luther King
D) had advised against integrating the armed forces
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was an outgrowth of the
A) antiwar movement of the 1960s
B) black power movement of the 1960s
C) ban-the-bomb movement of the 1950s
D) Civil Rights Act of 1957
E) “sit-in” movement launched by young southern blacks
E) “sit-in” movement launched by young southern blacks
As president, Dwight Eisenhower supported
A) putting the brakes on military spending
B) the abolition of the Social Security system
C) the dismissal of his secretary of health, education, and welfare for condemning free distribution on the Salk polio vaccine as “socialized medicine”
D) the continuation of the Tennessee Valley Authority
E) a stronger voice for organized labor
A) putting the brakes on military spending
President Eisenhower defined the domestic philosophy of his administration as
A) “the Fair Deal”
B) “the silent majority”
C) “dynamic conservatism”
D) “two cars in every garage”
E) “compassionate conservatism”
C) “dynamic conservatism”
Dwight Eisenhower’s policies towards Native Americans included
A) efforts at tribal preservation
B) the establishment of tribes as legal entities
C) incentives for tribes to hold onto their land
D) a return to the assimilation goals of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
E) an emphasis on education and job training for Indians
E) an emphasis on education and job training for Indians
The Eisenhower-promoted public works project that was far larger and more expensive than anything in Roosevelt’s New Deal was
A) the interstate highway system
B) the Grand Coulee dam project
C) the St. Lawrence seaway
D) the airport construction program
E) the public housing system
A) the interstate highway system
During his presidency, Dwight Eisenhower accepted the principle and extended the benefits of
A) federal health care programs
B) the Tennessee Valley Authority
C) deficit spending
D) racial equality
E) the Social Security system
E) the Social Security system
As a part of his “New Look” foreign policy, President Eisenhower
A) sought an alliance with China
B) refused to talk with leaders of the Soviet Union
C) called for “open skies” over both the United States and the Soviet Union
D) sent help to the Hungarian freedom fighters
E) allied with Israel against the Arab states
C) called for “open skies” over both the United States and the Soviet Union
As the French fortress of Dienbienphu was about to fall to Ho Chi Minh’s communist forces in 1954, President Eisenhower
A) agreed to send small military units to aid the French
B) relied on the advice of Vice President Nixon and Secretary of State Dulles
C) sought a compromise settlement at Geneva
D) refused to permit any American military involvement
E) threatened nuclear attack on the Vietnamese communists
D) refused to permit any American military involvement
President Eisenhower’s “New Look” foreign policy in the 1950s planned for
A) the dismantling of the military-industrial complex
B) massive new military spending
C) greater reliance on air power and the deterrent power of nuclear weapons than on the army and navy
D) a buildup of unconventional and guerrilla-warfare forces
E) the rapid deployment of the navy and marines to trouble spots
C) greater reliance on air power and the deterrent power of nuclear weapons than on the army and navy
In 1956, when Hungary revolted against continued domination by the Soviet Union, the United States under Dwight Eisenhower
A) sent money to the rebels
B) quickly recognized the new Hungarian government
C) refused to admit any Hungarian refugees
D) gave only outdated military equipment to the Hungarian freedom fighters
E) did nothing to help to defeat the communists
E) did nothing to help to defeat the communists
The leader of the nationalist movement in Vietnam since World War I was
A) Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)
B) Ngo Dinh Diem
C) Dien Bien Phu
D) Ho Chi Minh
E) Nguyen Cao Ky
D) Ho Chi Minh
The 1955 Geneva Conference
A) unified the two Vietnams
B) made Ngo Dinh Diem president of Vietnam
C) called for the two Vietnams to hold national elections within two years
D) created the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
E) established a permanent division of Vietnam
C) called for the two Vietnams to hold national elections within two years
In response to a supposed Soviet threat to Middle Eastern oil, the American Central Intelligence Agency in 1953
A) began seeking alternative sources of energy
B) staged a coup to overthrow the Iranian government and install Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlevi as dictator
C) engaged in sabotage against pro-Soviet governments in the region
D) developed close cooperation with Israeli intelligence agencies
E) gathered conclusive evidence of the Soviet’s plans to control Egypt
B) staged a coup to overthrow the Iranian government and install Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlevi as dictator
The Suez crisis marked the last time in history that the United States could
A) use the threat of nuclear war to win concessions
B) criticize Israel’s foreign policy
C) condemn its allies for their actions in the Middle East
D) invoke the Eisenhower Doctrine
E) use its “oil weapon” to make foreign policy demands
E) use its “oil weapon” to make foreign policy demands
The 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine empowered the president to extend economic and military aid to nations of ___________ that wanted help to resist communist aggression.
A) Southeast Asia
B) Africa
C) Central and Eastern Europe
D) the Middle East
E) Latin America
D) the Middle East
In response to the launching of Sputnik by the Soviet Union in 1957,
A) Harry Truman condemned the Republicans for allowing a scientific gap to occur
B) the federal government began spending millions of dollars to improve American science and language education
C) the United States spent nearly a decade trying to equal this achievement
D) the Republican party took responsibility for the fact that the United States had fallen behind the Soviets in this area of scientific discovery
E) scientists blamed America’s slowness on poor math and science education in the schools
B) the federal government began spending millions of dollars to improve American science and language education
Which of the following is least related to the other three?
A) the launching of Sputnik
B) Landrum-Griffith Act
C) National Defense Education Act
D) “rocket fever”
E) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
B) Landrum-Griffith Act
The Paris summit conference scheduled for 1960 collapsed because of the
A) Suez crisis
B) Bay of Pigs
C) Quemoy episode
D) launching of Sputnik
E) U-2 incident
E) U-2 incident
By the end of the 1950s, Latin American anger towards the United States had intensified because Washington had done all of the following except
A) extend massive aid to Europe and little to Latin America
B) continue to intervene in Latin American affairs
C) support bloody dictators who claimed to be fighting communism
D) provide encouragement to Fidel Castro’s communist government in Cuba
E) the CIA-directed coup in Guatemala
D) provide encouragement to Fidel Castro’s communist government in Cuba
The factor that may well have tipped the electoral scales for John F. Kennedy in the presidential election of 1960 was
A) his age
B) his religion
C) his televised debates with Richard M. Nixon
D) President Eisenhower’s heavy loss of popularity in his last two years in office
E) his family
C) his televised debates with Richard M. Nixon
Two postwar American fiction writers who explored the problems and anxieties of affluence were
A) John Updike and John Cheever
B) Joseph Heller and Kurt Vonnegut
C) Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller
D) Ralph Ellison and James Baldwin
E) Eudora Welty and Flannery O’Connor
A) John Updike and John Cheever
The title of Ralph Ellison’s novel Invisible Man refers to
A) an anticommunist agent who is forced to live underground
B) a World War II bomber pilot who Is ignored upon his return home
C) a victim of nuclear testing who is dying of radiation
D) a father who is disrespected by his family
E) an African American whose supposed supporters are unable to see him as a real man
E) an African American whose supposed supporters are unable to see him as a real man
Compared to World War I, the literary outpouring from World War II can be best described as
A) much more realistic
B) lower in quality
C) more simplistic in nature
D) less realistic
E) more disillusioned
D) less realistic
Many of the better known American poets in the post-World War II era
A) actually produced second-rate verse
B) consisted mainly of those who wrote before the war
C) ended their lives through suicide
D) left the country to live in Paris
E) turned to nature for subject matter
C) ended their lives through suicide
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Flashcard (90)