Entomology 321 Final

**Zygentoma**

Mouthparts: Chewing * Wings: Wingless * Development: Ametabolous * Key traits: Flattened body, scales, long antennae, 3 tail filaments (2 cerci + median filament)

**Ephemeroptera (Mayflies)**

Mouthparts: Adults reduced/nonfunctional; nymphs chewing * Wings: 2 pairs; large forewings, small hindwings * Development: Hemimetabolous * Key traits: Aquatic nymphs with abdominal gills, 2–3 tail filaments, wings held upright, short-lived adults

**Odonata (Dragonflies & Damselflies)**

* Mouthparts: Chewing * Wings: 2 pairs of membranous wings * Development: Hemimetabolous * Key traits: Predatory, aquatic nymphs with extendable labium, large eyes; dragonflies hold wings open, damselflies fold wings together

**Plecoptera (Stoneflies)**

Mouthparts: Chewing * Wings: 2 pairs; hindwings fold under forewings * Development: Hemimetabolous * Key traits: Aquatic nymphs, 2 cerci, pollution-sensitive, wings held flat

**Dermaptera (Earwigs)**

* Mouthparts: Chewing * Wings: Short leathery forewings; folded membranous hindwings * Development: Hemimetabolous * Key traits: Forceps-like cerci, elongated body, maternal care

**Orthoptera – Caelifera (Grasshoppers)**

* Mouthparts: Chewing * Wings: 2 pairs * Development: Hemimetabolous * Key traits: Short antennae, enlarged jumping hind legs, tympanum on abdomen

**Orthoptera – Ensifera (Crickets & Katydids)**

* Mouthparts: Chewing * Wings: 2 pairs * Development: Hemimetabolous * Key traits: Long antennae, tympanum on front tibiae, long ovipositor in females

**Phasmatodea (Stick & Leaf Insects)**

* Mouthparts: Chewing * Wings: Variable; many wingless * Development: Hemimetabolous * Key traits: Excellent camouflage, stick- or leaf-like body, herbivorous

**Mantodea (Mantids)**

* Mouthparts: Chewing * Wings: Usually 2 pairs * Development: Hemimetabolous * Key traits: Raptorial forelegs, elongated prothorax, triangular head, predatory

**Blattodea (Cockroaches)**

* Mouthparts: Chewing * Wings: 2 pairs (often reduced) * Development: Hemimetabolous * Key traits: Flattened oval body, pronotum covers head, fast runners, ootheca

**Termitoidea (Termites)**

* Mouthparts: Chewing * Wings: Reproductives have 2 equal-sized pairs * Development: Hemimetabolous * Key traits: Eusocial, straight antennae, broad waist, feed on cellulose

**Psocodea (Booklice, Barklice & Lice)**

* Mouthparts: Chewing (booklice/barklice) or piercing-sucking (lice) * Wings: Variable * Development: Hemimetabolous * Key traits: Small soft-bodied insects; lice are ectoparasites

**Thysanoptera (Thrips)**

* Mouthparts: Asymmetrical rasping-sucking * Wings: Narrow, fringed wings * Development: Intermediate metamorphosis * Key traits: Tiny, slender insects; many are plant pests

**Hemiptera (True Bugs)**

* Mouthparts: Piercing-sucking beak (rostrum) * Wings: Usually 2 pairs; forewings often hemelytra * Development: Hemimetabolous * Key traits: Piercing beak, many plant feeders or predators

**Neuroptera (Lacewings, Antlions)**

* Mouthparts: Chewing * Wings: 2 pairs with many cross veins * Development: Holometabolous * Key traits: Net-veined wings, predatory larvae

**Megaloptera (Dobsonflies, Alderflies)**

* Mouthparts: Chewing * Wings: Large net-veined wings * Development: Holometabolous * Key traits: Aquatic larvae, large adults, males may have enormous mandibles

**Coleoptera (Beetles)**

* Mouthparts: Chewing * Wings: Hardened forewings (elytra) * Development: Holometabolous * Key traits: Elytra cover membranous hindwings

**Curculionidae (Weevils)*

* * Mouthparts: Chewing * Wings: Elytra * Development: Holometabolous * Key traits: Long snout (rostrum), elbowed antennae, plant feeders

**Coccinellidae (Lady Beetles)**

* Mouthparts: Chewing * Wings: Elytra * Development: Holometabolous * Key traits: Dome-shaped, brightly colored, predators of aphids

**Chrysomelidae (Leaf Beetles)**

* Mouthparts: Chewing * Wings: Elytra * Development: Holometabolous * Key traits: Herbivorous, often colorful, includes Colorado potato beetle

**Cerambycidae (Longhorn Beetles)**

* Mouthparts: Chewing * Wings: Elytra * Development: Holometabolous * Key traits: Extremely long antennae, wood-boring larvae

**Carabidae (Ground Beetles)**

* Mouthparts: Chewing * Wings: Elytra * Development: Holometabolous * Key traits: Fast-running, flattened body, predatory

**Diptera (True Flies)*

* * Mouthparts: Sponging, piercing, or sucking * Wings: 1 functional pair; hindwings are halteres * Development: Holometabolous * Key traits: One pair of wings, halteres for balance

**Mecoptera (Scorpionflies)**

* Mouthparts: Chewing * Wings: 2 similar membranous pairs * Development: Holometabolous * Key traits: Long beak (rostrum), male genitalia resemble a scorpion tail

**Lepidoptera (Butterflies & Moths)**

* Mouthparts: Adults siphoning proboscis; larvae chewing * Wings: 2 pairs covered with scales * Development: Holometabolous * Key traits: Scaly wings, caterpillars with prolegs

**Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees & Wasps)** *

Mouthparts: Chewing or chewing-lapping * Wings: 2 membranous pairs joined by hamuli * Development: Holometabolous * Key traits: Hamuli, narrow waist (except sawflies), many eusocial species, pollinators and parasitoi

Zygentoma

Silverfish, Firebrats

Ephemeroptera —

Mayflies

Odonata —

Dragonflies, Damselflies

Plecoptera

Stoneflies

Dermaptera —

Earwigs

Orthoptera (Caelifera)

— Grasshoppers, Locusts

Orthoptera (Ensifera)

— Crickets, Katydids

Phasmatodea

— Stick Insects, Leaf Insects

Mantodea

— Mantids (Praying Mantises)

Blattodea

— Cockroaches

Termitoidea

— Termites

Psocodea

— Booklice, Barklice, Lice

Thysanoptera

— Thrips

Hemiptera

True Bugs, Aphids, Cicadas, Leafhoppers, Stink Bugs

Neuroptera

— Lacewings, Antlions

Megaloptera

— Dobsonflies, Alderflies, Fishflies

Coleoptera

— Beetles

Coccinellidae

Lady Beetles (Ladybugs)

Chrysomelidae

— Leaf Beetles (Colorado Potato Beetle)

Cerambycidae

— Longhorn Beetles

Carabidae

Ground Beetles

Diptera

True Flies, Mosquitoes, Gnats, Midges

Mecoptera

Scorpionflies, Hangingflies

Lepidoptera

Butterflies, Moths

Hymenoptera

Ants, Bees, Wasps, Sawflies