Clinical psych final exam

WLU PS381

Short-term psychodynamic therapy

Focus on increasing awareness of unconscious processes, helping clients understand/change these processes. Face-to-face, 1-2 times a week, 16-30 sessions

Interpretive interventions

These interventions interpret experiences, allowing self-awareness.

Transference

The unconscious application of expectations and emotional experiences based on important early relationships.

Countertransference

The therapist's emotional reaction to the client.

Supportive intervention

An intervention that emphasizes the development of a therapeutic alliance, goal-setting, and strengthening psychosocial resources.

Interpersonal psychotherapy

A therapy that emphasizes the role of interpersonal elements in the development, maintenance, and alteration of psychological problems.

Process-experiential therapy

A therapy that focuses on increasing awareness of emotions, expressing them, and transforming maladaptive behaviors.

Cognitive behavioral therapy

A therapy that emphasizes the role of thoughts and behaviors in psychological problems and focuses on altering beliefs, expectations, and behaviors.

Self-efficacy

The sense of competence to learn and perform new tasks, often found to be the best predictor of behavior.

Collaborative empiricism

The process of developing strategies with the client to concretely test dysfunctional beliefs.

Self-administered treatments

Treatments that clients engage in with little or no contact with a mental health professional.

Telehealth

The delivery of healthcare services online, such as through phone or video.

Stepped care

An approach where lower-cost interventions are offered first and then escalated if they are not effective.

Randomized control trial (RCT)

A study in which participants are randomly assigned to two or more treatment conditions.

Meta-analysis

Procedures for summarizing the results of research studies

Effect size

A measure that allows for the combination and analysis of research results in standardized units.

Publication bias

The tendency for journalists to selectively publish research with statistically significant results.

Clinical practice guidelines

Guidelines based on the best available research to assist in making assessment and treatment decisions.

Empirically supported treatment (EST)

Psychotherapy that has been found effective in the treatment of specific conditions.

Therapeutic alliance

The quality and strength of the collaborative relationship between client and therapist.

Evidence-Based Psychotherapy Relationship

Elements of the therapy relationship that have demonstrated effectiveness, including alliance, cohesion, empathy, and collecting feedback.

Transtheoretical Model of Change

A model that describes the stages of change individuals go through when making behavioral changes, including precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and relapse/lapse.

Disability

Impairment, limitation, and participation restriction that affects an individual's functioning and is determined by the interaction between health and contexts.

Biopsychosocial Model

A model that takes into account biological, individual, and social factors when understanding health and illness.

Clinical Health Psychology

Training in clinical and health psychology, more involved in assessment, diagnosis and treatment.

Acute Pain

Short-term unpleasant sensation that serves a useful function.

Chronic Pain

Pain that persists for more than 6 months.

Sleep Hygiene

Engaging in good sleep habits to promote healthy sleep.

Neuropsychology

The study of the relationship between the brain and behavior.

Clinical Neuropsychology

The application of knowledge in the assessment and remediation of neurological injury or illness.

Functional Model

The idea that different areas of the brain interact to produce behavior.

Neuroanatomy

The study of normal brain function.

Neuropathology

The ways injuries and diseases affect the brain.

Pharmacology

The ways environmental toxins, chemotherapy, and drugs affect brain functioning.

Capacity Assessment

Used in determining whether someone is incapable of managing their property, or of granting or revoking a power of attorney, etc

Forensic Psychology

The practice of applying scientific, technical, or specialized knowledge of psychology to the law in assisting legal, contractual, administrative and judicial matters.

Risk Assessment

The prediction of the likelihood of reoffending.

Risk Principle

The principle of matching the level of service to the offender's risk to reoffend.

Need Principle

The principle of assessing criminogenic needs and targeting them in treatment.

Responsivity Principle

Offender's ability to learn from rehabilitative intervention (CBT) and tailoring the intervention to their motivation, abilities, and strengths.

Psychological Treatment for Insomnia (CBT-I)

A treatment approach that includes sleep hygiene, stimulus control, sleep restriction, and cognitive interventions to address insomnia.

Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R)

The most commonly used forensic test for assessing psychopathy. 20 item scale, max score of 40, 1% in the general pop (half as many women as men), 15-25% of those in prison meet the criteria for Psychopathy.

Static-99

A risk assessment tool used to predict the risk of reoffending.

MMPI-2

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2, a commonly used psychological assessment tool.

WAIS

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, used in assessing adolescents on trial.

Diminished Capacity defence

Defenses used when an individual's mental condition interferes with their ability to understand the nature and consequences of their actions.

Lie Detection (Polygraph)

Measure responses like heart rate, blood pressure, sympathetic nervous system activity, and skin conductivity to detect lying

Guilty Knowledge Test

A test in which critical information about a crime is withheld and multiple-choice questions are asked to assess the individual's knowledge.

open trials

initial exploratory treatment study where no control group is used

benchmarking strategy

data from empirical studies to provide a comparison against the effectiveness of a clinical service

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

pattern of persistent negativistic/hostile behavior evident before age 8

conduct disorder (CD)

pattern of serious violation of rights of others (aggression, destructiveness and deceitfulness)

gray literature

unpublished research

Coercive exchanges

Interactions where the parent unintentionally rewards the child for whining or aggression (withdrawal command or give attention) and rewarding by giving attention and rewarding by giving into complaints

Positive reinforcement

consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated

multisystemic therapy (MST)

approach to treat disturbed teens by intervening in the multiple systems they’re involved in

ecological theory

examines a young person’s functioning the the multiple contexts they live in (family, school, etc)

psychoeducation

teaching psychological concepts to clients in an accessible manner

process research

examine patterns, with therapists and/or client data that is evident across sessions

common factors

therapeutic elements that occur in all/most treatments are is believed to be critical for successful client outcomes

reactance

tendency to react against attemtpts to directly influence one’s behaviour

integrative treatment models

models that explicitly incorporate aspects of multiple theoretical approaches, and frequently common factors

What to do if there is no evidence-based treatment that matches the clients needs?

adopt, adapt, abandon

health psychologists

Professionals who study how psychological factors influence health and well-being.

contextual factors

individual and external characteristics, legal and social structures

interpersonal psychotherapy for depression (IPT)

Emphasizes understanding and resolving conflicts, grief, role transitions, and social isolation. Brief weekly sessions for 3-4 months

experimental therapy

12-20 sessions to help treat depression, couples distress, survivors of childhood abuse, (mixed on anxiety)

CBT

8-30 sessions, use of journalling and thought monitoring

strongest effects of therapeutic approach in order

Cognitive therapy, CBT, Behavioral therapy, Psychodynamic therapy, Humanistic therapy

Types of clinical trials

high-quality RCTs, imperfect RCTs, open trials, meta analyses, qualitative literature reviews, and statements not based on research evidence 

parenting programs

4-8 weeks (longer for kids with CD), use of manual, parents agree on some rules that will be imposted consistently

Multi-systemic therapy- (Parenting Programs (MST))

lasting 3-5 months, offered at home or school, therapist available 24/7, works in teams of 3-5, case loads of 3-5 families

Coping with Depression in Adolescence (CWDA)

16 two hour sessions over 8 weeks, homework, quizzes

clinical neuropsychologists knowledge requirements

neuroanatomy, physiology, pharmacology, human neuropsych and neuropathology, neurological assessment, clinical neuropsych intervention techniques, neuropsych and developmental psych

clinical neuropsychologists most used tests

(WAIS-IV), Wechsler Memory Scale-4, and Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-3

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)

combo of alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) and alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD), CNS issues, facial features (flat nasal bridge & midface, thin upper lip, small head), problems with learning, attention, memory, hearing and communication

Alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND)

Difficulty with behaviour regulation, poor school performance, difficulties in cognitive processes (attention, memory, impulse control)

Alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD)

Have problems with kidney or heart function, hearing difficulties and abnormalities in their bone structure and health

client in the forensic psych

justice system, court, insurance agency

methods of assessment in forensic

Psychopathy checklist-revised (PCL-R)— most used, Static-99, MMPI-2, WAIS is used in 50% of assessments of adolescents on trial, Projective tests (rarely used)

Reasons for diminished capacity defence

Physician gave meds that interfered with ability to know right from wrong, disease of mind/mental, Wrong-doing due to intoxication – no longer a defense in Canada

Risk-need responsivity (RNR) model

Intervention match individual's risk level, addresses their criminogenic needs, and adapt intervention to fit each person and reduce recidivism.

Process-outcome research

Investigating the connection between how therapy is done and how well it works.