human geo chap 3

culture

shared practices, technologies, attitudes, and behaviors transmitted by a society

cultural traits

food preferences, architecture, and land use

popular culture

practice and beliefs that are dominant or prevalent in a society at a given time

traditional culture

customs and beliefs handed down from ancestors

cultural norms

the unwritten rules and social expectations that guide behavior and values within a specific culture

ethnocentrism

judging a different culture based on the standards and assumptions of your own culture and it's values

cultural relativism

Another person's beliefs and traditions should be understood within the context of their own culture, rather than being judged from the context/perspective of a different culture

cultural landscape

the visible evidence or representation of a culture on a place

identity

the set of qualities, beliefs, traits, and appearance that characterize a person or a group

physical features

natural characteristic of the earth's surface

agricultural features

the influence of physical geography on farming methods

industrial practices

the methods, processes, and techniques used in large-scale production

religious characteristics

belief systems, rituals, and social structures

linguistic characteristics

language hierarchies, geographic patterns, and specific languages like lingua franca

sequent occupance

the idea that successive societies leave their cultural imprint on the land

traditional architecture

building styles that are shaped by local culture, traditions, environment, and available materials

postmodern architecture

a style that emerged in the late 20th century as a reaction against the austerity of modernism

land-use patterns

the spatial arrangement of various human activities such as agriculture, residential, commercial, and industrial

ethnicity

a shared cultural identity often based on language, religion, ancestry, and traditions connecting people to hearth

ethnic neighborhoods

a geographic area within a city where a specific ethnic group is concentrated creating landscape with shared practice, languages, and restaurants

indigenous communities

a group of people who are the original inhabitants of a particular territory, maintaining distinct cultural, social, and spiritual practices

gendered spaces

areas that are socially constructed and defined as appropriate for certain genders, creating societal norms

sense of place

the unique feeling or perception of a location, formed by a combination of physical and human characteristics

placemaking

the process of transforming a place through human activity, creating a cultural landscape and a sense of place

centripetal forces

positive factors that unite a community and bring people together

centrifugal forces

negative factors that cause conflict dividing groups

relocation diffusion

the spread of cultural traits, ideas, and customs through physical movement of people from one place to another

dialects

a regional or social variation of a language distinguished by unique pronunciation, vocab, an grammar

religious adherents

Individuals who follow a particular religion.

religious denominations

a subgroup within a religion that has a common name, tradition, and identity

religious sects

a subgroup that breaks away from an established denomination

contagious diffusion

the spread of a cultural trait or idea through direct person contact

hierarchical diffusion

the spread of a cultural trait or idea from an influential person in a top-down manner

stimulus diffusion

the spread of an idea from one culture to another but is modified to fit the new culture's context

colonialism

the act of occupying another land in order to control politically and economically

imperialism

the act of simply exerting control over another land via force

lingua franca

the adopted common language between two speakers who do not share a native language

creolization

the process by which a new language and culture is created through mixing and blending of two or more different cultures

trade

connects cultures from all over the world allowing culture to spread even faster

globalization

the increasing interconnection and interdependence of the world's economies, cultures, and populations

urbanization

the process of population shifting from rural to urban areas leading to growth of cities

cultural convergence

the process by which cultures become more alike due to prolonged exposure and interaction

cultural divergence

the process in which cultures become more distinct from each other over time

Indo-European language family

the largest and most widespread language family originating from a single ancestor language

language branch

a group of languages which share common linguistic and have evolved from a common ancestor

language groups

a collection of languages within a language branch that share a more recent common origin and have few differences

universalizing religions

a faith that attempts to be global in its appeal and actively converts all people

christianity

belief in jesus christ: love, forgiveness, and salvation, spread through hierarchical diffusion (roman empire adoption), contagious diffusion (missionary work), and relocation (colonization)

islam

based on five pillars and belief in allah, spread through contagious (muslim communities) and relocation (traders across africa and asia)

buddhism

four noble truths and eightfold path, goal is nirvana, spread through contagious (missionaries) and relocation (silk road trade routes)

sikhism

equality and teachings of gurus, relocation (sikhs migrated from punjab to other countries)

hinduism

belief in many forms of god, karma, dharma, and reincarnation, relocation (migration) and contagious within india

judaism

belief in one god and follow torah, relocation (forced migration)

ethnic religions

belief systems tied to a specific culture or group

secularized

the declining social significance and influence of religion, leading to reduced role in public life

acculturation

the process where one culture adopts traits of another culture while still maintaining aspects of its own

assimilation

the process where a minority culture adopts the customs, beliefs, and behaviors of a dominant culture

syncretism

type of creolization but only applies to two or more BELIEF SYSTEMS blending into one

multiculturalism

coexistence of diverse cultural groups within a unified society where their differences are acknowledged and preserved