BIO 150 – Human Anatomy and Physiology I Study Guide – Lecture Exam #3

These flashcards cover key concepts in biological membranes, transport processes, and tissue types relevant to Human Anatomy and Physiology.

Biological Membranes

Structures that act as selectively permeable barriers, involved in cellular communication and recognition, and provide a surface for ordered reactions.

Fluid-Mosaic Model

The currently accepted model for biological membrane structure, proposed by Singer and Nicolson, featuring phospholipid bilayers with embedded proteins and cholesterol.

Hydrophilic

Substances that are attracted to water and tend to dissolve in it.

Hydrophobic

Substances that repel water and do not easily dissolve in it.

Amphipathic

Molecules that have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts, causing phospholipids to form bilayers in aqueous environments.

Diffusion

The process by which solute molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration to achieve equilibrium.

Osmosis

The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration.

Hypotonic

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

Hypertonic

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

Isotonic

A solution with an equal concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

Facilitated Transport

The process by which molecules such as glucose and Na+ cross a lipid bilayer with the aid of membrane proteins.

Membrane Transport Proteins

Proteins that assist in the transfer of molecules across a cell membrane, characterized by specificity and rapid transport.

Exocytosis

The process by which a cell expels materials in vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane.

Endocytosis

The process by which a cell takes in materials by engulfing them in a vesicle.

Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs liquid or small particles.

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large particles or cells.

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A process where cells absorb metabolites, hormones, other proteins – and in some cases viruses – by the inward budding of the plasma membrane.

Ectoderm

The outer germ layer that develops into structures such as the skin and nervous system.

Mesoderm

The middle germ layer that develops into structures such as muscles, bones, and the circulatory system.

Endoderm

The inner germ layer that develops into structures such as the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory system.

Epithelium

A type of tissue that forms protective layers on body surfaces and lines cavities and organs, characterized by closely packed cells.

Basement Membrane

The thin layer of fibrous material that anchors epithelial tissues to underlying tissues.

Endocrine Glands

Glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Exocrine Glands

Glands that secrete substances through ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue.

Connective Tissue

A type of tissue that supports, binds, and protects other tissues, characterized by a varied structure and the presence of an extracellular matrix.

Arthrology

The study of joints.

Kinesiology

The study of movement.

Diarthrosis

A joint that allows free movement in a joint space.

Amphiarthrosis

A joint that allows limited movement.

Synarthrosis

A joint that is immovable.