8. The Rise of America as a World Power: The United States in World War I (copy)

Monroe Doctrine, 1823

US policy introduced by President James Monroe warning European nations not to interfere with the independent nations of the Americas.

Ostend Manifesto (1854)

secret proposal by US diplomats to purchase Cuba from Spain. It suggested that if Spain refused to sell, the US would be justified in taking the island by force.

U.S.S. Maine incident, “Remember the Maine”

explosion on the battleship U.S.S. Maine in Havana Harbor, Cuba. The rallying cry "Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain!" helped generate public support for the Spanish-American war.

“Yellow journalism” / Jingo press

exaggerated reporting, often aimed at influencing public opinion and stirring up nationalist sentiments.

William McKinley

US President, who presided over the Spanish-American War.

Spanish-American War (1898)

conflict fought between Spain and the US. It was sparked by rebellions against Spanish rule in Cuba (the rebels formed an interim government) and the explosion on USS Maine → increased tensions between the US and Spain.

Treaty of Paris, 1898

ended the Spanish-American War, in which Spain recognized Cuban independence and ceded Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the US.

Philippine-American War (1899-1902)

conflict between Filipino nationalists and American forces, following the annexation of the Philippines by the United States

Panama Canal, 1904-1914

engineering project to create a waterway across the Isthmus of Panama, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, 1903

Panama granted the US control over a 10-mile-wide strip of land across the Isthmus of Panama for the construction of the Panama Canal. In return, the U.S. agreed to pay Panama an initial sum of $10 million and an annual rent of $250,000.

Theodore Roosevelt

US President, known the construction of the Panama Canal and the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, 1904

asserted the right of the US to intervene in Latin American affairs to maintain stability and protect US interests.

William Howard Taft

US President, pursued a policy of "Dollar Diplomacy".

Dollar Diplomacy, 1912

aimed to use American economic power to influence and control other countries, in Latin America and Asia.

Alaska, 1867

the purchase of Alaska from Russia by the United States.

Annexation of Hawaii, 1898

incorporation of the Hawaiian Islands into the United States as a territory.

Great White Fleet (1907-1909)

US Navy battleships sent on a world tour by President Theodore Roosevelt to demonstrate American naval power-

Burlingame Treaty, 1868

treaty btw US and China, guaranteeing the rights of Chinese immigrants in the US and facilitating trade between the two countries.

Open Door Policy, 1899

ensured equal trading opportunities for all nations in China, particularly following the Boxer Rebellion (Anti- Foreign Chinese Uprising).

Woodrow Wilson

US President known for advocating neutrality at the start of World War I, he urged Americans to remain "impartial in thought as well as in action".

John J. Pershing

US Army officer who served as commander of the American Expeditionary Forces during World War I.

WWI – April 6, 1917 (1914-1918)

US' entry into WWI, joining the Allied Powers against the Central Powers.

Lusitania incident, 1915

sinking of the British ocean liner Lusitania by a German submarine during World War I → many deaths (Americans too) → US public opinion turning against Germany.

Zimmerman Telegram, 1917

secret diplomatic telegram sent by the German Empire to Mexico, proposing a military alliance against the United States during World War I.

American Expeditionary Forces

US military forces sent to Europe during World War I, commanded by General John J. Pershing.

Selective Service Act, 1917

authorized the US to draft men into military service (btw 21 and 30).

Committee on Public Information (Creel Committee, 1917)

created to influence public opinion and generate support for the war effort through propaganda, led by George Creel.

• 750,000 four-minute speeches were delivered in 5,000 towns/cities by 75,000 speakers.

Espionage Act of 1917

made it a crime to interfere with military operations, support enemies during wartime.

Sedition Act of 1918

amendment to the Espionage Act that extended penalties to those who criticized the government, the flag, or the military.

Harlem Hell Fighters

369th Infantry Regiment, an African American unit assigned to French division that fought valiantly in WWI and was highly praised for its bravery.

Paris Peace Conference

meeting of the Allied victors following the end of WWI to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers → Treaty of Versailles

Treaty of Versailles, 1919

officially ended World War I. It imposed heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany

Fourteen Points, 1918

Woodrow Wilson's proposal for post-war peace, outlining principles such as self-determination, freedom of the seas, and the establishment of the League of Nations.

League of Nations, 1919

international organization established by the Treaty of Versailles to promote peace and cooperation among nations.

War Industries Board, 1917

US government agency created to coordinate the production of war materials, ensuring efficient use of resources during WWI.

•  Headed by Bernard Baruch.

Lever Act, 1917

aka Food and Fuel Control Act, it gave the President control over the production, distribution, and price of food and fuel.

Food and Fuel Administration, 1917

established under the Lever Act, it was responsible for managing the nation's food and fuel resources to support the war effort.

• led by Herbert Hoover

National War Labor Board, 1918

created to defend the rights of American laborers and improve factory safety and working conditions to avoid strikes.

Overman Act, 1918

gave President Wilson powers to reorganize and coordinate the government to more effectively prosecute the war.

“The Birth of a Nation”, 1915

silent film directed by D.W. Griffith, known for its portrayal of the Civil War and Reconstruction, and its racist depiction of African Americans and glorification of the Ku Klux Klan.

The Great Migration

movement of African Americans to the North, seeking better economic opportunities → racial tension

18th Amendment, 1919

established the prohibition of alcohol in the US → Prohibition era.

19th Amendment, 1920

granted women the right to vote.