PLANT NUTRITION AND TRANSPORTATION

Xylem vessels

Transport water and minerals from the roots to the stem and leaves.

Phloem vessels

Transport food materials made by the plant from photosynthesising leaves to non-photosynthesising regions.

Vascular bundles

Groups of xylem and phloem vessels arranged throughout the root, stem, and leaves.

Root hair cells

Single-celled extensions of epidermis cells in the root that absorb water and minerals.

Osmosis

The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher water potential to an area of lower water potential.

Water potential

The potential energy of water in a system compared to pure water.

Transpiration

The loss of water vapor from plant leaves by evaporation and diffusion through stomata.

Lignin

A substance deposited in the cell walls of xylem that strengthens and supports the plant.

Mesophyll cells

The tissue in the leaves where most photosynthesis occurs; contains chloroplasts.

Transpiration stream

The continuous column of water movement through the plant, driven by evaporation from leaves.

Cohesion

The attraction between water molecules that helps maintain the transpiration stream.

Turgor pressure

The pressure of water inside plant cells that keeps them rigid and supports the plant's structure.

Evaporation

The process where liquid water is converted into vapor.

Stomata

Small openings in leaves that allow for gas exchange and transpiration.

Sieve plates

structures in pholem cells permitting nutrients to pass thru

Translocation

The transport of sugars and amino acids in phloem from sources to sinks.

Source

The region where substances (like sugars) are produced or stored.

Sink

The region that consumes or stores substances transported through phloem.

Active transport

The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration, using energy.

The layer of water molecules that surround and interact with solute particles.

Spongy mesophyll

The layer of loosely packed cells in a leaf that allows for gas exchange.

Humidity

The amount of water vapor present in the air.

Temperature effect on transpiration

Transpiration increases with higher temperatures due to increased evaporation rates.

Wilting

A condition where plant leaves droop due to lack of water.

Transport tissue comparison

Xylem moves water and minerals unidirectionally from roots to leaves, while phloem transports nutrients in multiple directions.

Food movement during winter

Phloem transports sucrose and amino acids from storage organs when leaves are absent.

Growth period food sources

Roots act as sources in spring and leaves as sources during summer for photosynthesizing.

Root cortex cells

Cells that transport water from the root hair to the xylem.

Water pathway in plant

Root hair cell → root cortex cells → xylem → leaf mesophyll cells.

Plant nutrient uptake method

Water is absorbed by root hairs through osmosis.

nutrirtents by active transport

Transpiration pull

The negative pressure created in the leaf that pulls water up from the roots.

Passive transport

The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane without the use of energy.

Environmental factors affecting transpiration

Humidity, temperature, light intensity, and wind speed.

Food processing in plant regions

Plants transport nutrients from areas of high concentration (source) to areas of low concentration (sink).

Xylem structure

Made of dead cells that form tubes for water transport.

Phloem structure

Made of living cells that transport organic nutrients throughout the plant.

why does osmosis occur in th eroots?

Root hair cells absorb water as soil water has a higher potential than the cell cytoplasm.

Root hair large surface area

Increases the rate of absorption of water and minerals.

Cells in xylem

Dead cells that provide a pathway for water to flow.

Cells in phloem

Living cells that facilitate the movement of nutrients.

Refers to water's capacity to perform work during its movement.

Functions of transpiration

Includes nutrient transport, cooling the plant, and maintaining turgor pressure.

function of xylem vessels

transport water and minerals (pronounced: zi-lem) from the roots to the stem and leaves

pholem fucntion

transport food materials (mainly sucrose and amino acids) made by the plant from photosynthesising leaves to non-photosynthesising regions in the roots and stem (pronounced: flow-em)

hwo to differeiate xylem and pholem in diagram

xylem is always on the inside and phloem is always on the outside.

by which process does wtaer enter the roots

osmosis

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light.

Carbohydrate

An organic compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which is produced during photosynthesis.

Chlorophyll

The pigment in plants that captures light energy to drive photosynthesis.

Word Equation for Photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen.

Balanced Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

Glucose in Plants

Used as an energy source in respiration and can be converted into starch for storage.

Starch

A polysaccharide that is a storage form of glucose in plants.

Photosynthesis Equation

The reverse of the equation for aerobic respiration.

Testing for Starch in Leaves

Involves boiling the leaf, soaking it in ethanol, and then staining it with iodine.

Variegated Leaf Test

Used to show that chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis; only green areas will stain blue-black.

define Limiting Factor

A factor in short supply that restricts life processes, including photosynthesis.

Temperature as a Limiting Factor

Affects the rate of photosynthesis until the enzymes denature at high temperatures.

Light Intensity and Photosynthesis

Higher light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis until another factor limits the reaction.

Carbon Dioxide Concentration

Effects of Magnesium Deficiency

Can cause yellowing between the veins of leaves (chlorosis).

Effects of Nitrate Deficiency

Leads to stunted growth and yellowing of leaves.

Hydrogencarbonate Indicator

Changes color based on carbon dioxide concentration in water.

Photosynthesis vs Respiration

Photosynthesis occurs in daylight, while respiration occurs continuously in plants.

Palisade Mesophyll

Layer of elongated cells in the leaf where most photosynthesis occurs.

Spongy Mesophyll

Layer in the leaf with air spaces that facilitates gas exchange.

Guard Cells

Cells that open and close stomata to regulate gas exchange and water loss.

Stomata

Small openings on the leaf surface through which gas exchange occurs.

Roots in Photosynthesis

Absorb water and minerals from the soil necessary for photosynthesis.

Vascular Bundles

Structures in the leaf that contain xylem and phloem for transport of substances.

Diffusion of Carbon Dioxide

Movement of carbon dioxide from air spaces around spongy mesophyll to chloroplasts.

Factors Affecting Rate of Photosynthesis

Light intensity, temperature, and carbon dioxide concentration.

Experiment to Test Light's Effect on Photosynthesis

Uses a variegated leaf and iodine solution to show where photosynthesis has occurred.

Destarching a Plant

Placing a plant in darkness to use up any existing starch before experimentation.

oxygens role. inphotosynthesis? hwo can it be observed

Oxygen is released as a byproduct of photosynthesis, observable as bubbles in water plants.

Elodea

Common pondweed used in experiments to observe the rate of photosynthesis.

Energy in Photosynthesis

Light energy is converted into chemical energy when glucose is formed.

Chemical Reaction of Photosynthesis

Involves the conversion of light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose bonds.

Measuring Photosynthesis

Can be done by collecting the amount of oxygen released or using a gas syringe.

Importance of Photosynthesis

Essential for plant growth, providing energy and organic materials necessary for life.

Role of Chlorophyll in Photosynthesis

Chlorophyll absorbs light energy to facilitate the synthesis of glucose.

Biological Molecules in Plants

Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are essential for plant structure and function.

Plant Growth Factors

Include availability of water, light, nutrients, and temperature for optimal growth.

Photosynthetic Efficiency

The effectiveness of plants in converting absorbed light energy into chemical energy.

Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration Equations

They are inverses of each other, highlighting the importance of balance in ecosystems.

Air Spaces in Leaf Structure

Allow for efficient gas exchange of CO2 and O2 involved in photosynthesis.