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cherry blossom phenology example
not a huge amount of directional change and the timing of peak cherry blossoms seems to be happening sooner in the year
phenology
study of cyclic and and seasonal natural phenomena, the timing of events by using climate effect and temperature into their effects on organisms
phenology examples
ice thawing in canadian lakes
bud bursts in european trees
date of the first flowers in british wildflowers
trophic cascade in caterpillars and their predators
walden pond
budburst
emergence of new leaves or stems at the start of the growing season
bud burst in european birch and oaks
budburst coming earlier between 1984 and 1999
british plants flowering study
compared when plants flower in two different time periods and found that on average spring/flowering is sooner compared to the 1980s and 90s in the UK
Henry David Thoreau
american essayist, philosopher, naturalist, poet best know for walden and also a leading transcendalist
natural historian: concerned with ecology, environmentalism and change
abolitionist
Thoreau and the Walden pond
he studied the Walden Pond area by going of daily 4hr walks and recorded the flowering and leaf out of 43 species in his journals
transcendalist
belief in the inherent goodness of people and nature that is corrupted by society and its institutions
species lost and phylogenetic distribution
found that 27% of species recorded by Thoreau were lost and 36% abundances are so low that extirpation is imminent due to demographic stochasticity and deterministic forces
what findings are consistent with the notion that warming is caused by solar activity increase?
the fact that poles are warming faster than mid latitudes and that winter temperatures are rising faster than summer
what findings are consistent with the notion that the cause of warming is greenhouse effects
poles warming faster than mid latitudes
winter temps are rising faster than summer
nighttime temps are rising faster than daytime
troposphere heating and stratosphere cooling
what findings are inconsistent with the notion that warming is caused by solar activity?
nighttime temps are rising faster than daytime
troposphere heating and stratosphere cooling
what is the best way to model surface temperature?
to consider solar and volcanic activity as well as greenhouse gases
Koch brothers
climate change skeptics who played a huge role in funding climate change denial groups and republicans
volcanic eruptions + CO2
caused set back in global warming because all ash was in the atmosphere preventing warming
clathrate gun hypothesis
melting of frozen methane (clathrate) in the oceans, greenhouse gases so warming causes more CH4 in the atmosphere that warms the earth causing more CH4 in the atmosphere creating a positive feedback loop
PETM (Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum) case study
56 million yrs ago there was a sudden spike in temperature and CO2 in Earth when it was much hotter than it was before, rise of 6C over 20k yrs, lasted 170k yrs
PETM events
mass extinction of oceanic foraminifera
ocean acidified from CO2 so animals couldn’t make carbonate shells
migration of species and biomes
dwarfing of mammals
leaves shrank but more insect herbivory causing damage to fossilized leaves
oceanic foraminifera
organisms that need calcium carbonate
why couldn’t animals make carbonate shells?
acidification of the ocean by addition of atmospheric CO2 makes carbonic acid diluted dissolving calcium carbonate in shells
Bergmann’s rule
in cold climates, large body mass increase the ratio of volume to surface area and provides for maximum metabolic retention in mammals and birds
why did leaves shrink?
because of the increase in atmospheric CO2 cause they extract CO2 into the atmosphere , smaller leaves leads to less CO2 making climate warmer (feedback loop)
