A&P - Special senses (Balance, vision, taste, smell and hearing)
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45 Terms
What is the cochlea for?
Hearing
Which ganglion relays balance information?
Vestibular ganglion
Which fluid fills the semi-circular canals?
Endolymph
What do the stapes transmit vibrations to?
Oval window
What does vestibular apparatus include?
Semi-circular canals and otolith organs
Name the 3 bones in the middle ear
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
What is the role of the outer ear?
Funnelling of sound
What is the role of the middle ear?
Relaying tympanic vibrations to inner ear
What is the role of the inner ear?
Transduction of vibrations to neuronal signals and Balance organs
What nerves innervate the tympanum?
Trigeminal and vagus nerves
What muscles are in the middle ear?
Tensor tympani and straedius
What is the function of the oval window?
Transfer of energy to inner ear acts as a second amplifier
What is the function of the round window?
Relives pressure waves that develop in the fluid filled cochlea
Why is the inner ear located inside the temporal bone?
To lock it in place - important for balance
What are the key structures involved in the transduction of sound energy to nerve impulses?
Cochlea, organ of court, hair cells, basilar membrane, tectorial membrane
What is the role of cochlea nerve?
Carries electrical signals to the brain
What structure detects linear/horizontal acceleration?
Utricle
What structure detects vertical acceleration?
Saccle
What structure detects angular acceleration?
Semi-circular canals
What structure contains the olfactory epithelium?
Nasal cavity roof
What is gustation?
The sense of taste
What is olfaction?
The sense of smell
Which part of the brain integrates olfactory signals with memory?
Hippocampus
Which structure receives olfactory signals first in the brain?
Olfactory bulb
Which group of nerves carries taste information from the tongue to the brain?
Cranial nerves
Which nerve carries balance information to the CNS?
Vestibular nerve
Which taste modality detects amino acids like glutamate?
Umami
Which brain region integrates taste and smell for flavour perception?
Orbitofrontal cortex
Which brain structure first receives taste signals?
Medulla oblongata
Which structure contains olfactory receptor neurons?
Olfactory epithelium
Which taste modality detects amino acids or nucleotides to give a savoury sensation?
Umami
Which type of molecules are detected by gustatory receptors?
Chemicals dissolved in saliva
Which ion is primarily responsible for salty taste?
Sodium ions
Olfactory receptor neurons are replaced approximately every:
30 to 60 days
Taste buds are located in which structures on the surface of the tongue?
Papillae of the tongue
Which bony structure do axons from the olfactory bulb pass through?
Ethmoid bone
How long is the approximate lifespan of a taste receptor cell?
10-14 days
Which two sensors only use chemoreceptors?
Taste and smell
Which type of receptor detects odorants?
Chemoreceptors
Which type of molecules are detected by olfactory receptors?
Volatile chemicals
Which structure connects the olfactory bulb to the brain?
Olfactory tract
What type of cells do tastebuds contain?
Gustatory, support and basal cells
Olfactory information bypasses which brain structure?
Thalamus
What do taste and smell combined contribute to?
Flavour perception